肾脏疾患的病者,可因尿路疾患的症状、或由于尿常规或血尿素氮不正常而被发现,有些病者则由于全身性疾患而影响了肾脏(如糖尿病、结核、全身性播散性红斑性狼疮等)。有些病者可以从来没有肾脏疾患的病史,而于初次就诊时,就有肾功能衰竭的症状和体征(如贫血、高血压、Kussmaul氏呼吸及各种尿毒症症状)。有些病者,则可因水肿或高血压而来就诊。不管病者属于何种情况,医生必须解答下述问 Patients with kidney disease may be found due to the symptoms of urinary tract disorders or abnormal urine or blood urea nitrogen. Some patients may experience kidney disease (such as diabetes, tuberculosis, systemic spread) due to generalized disease Lupus erythematosus, etc.). Some patients may never have a history of kidney disease, but symptoms and signs of kidney failure (such as anemia, hypertension, Kussmaul’s breath, and various uremic symptoms) are present on first visit. Some patients may be due to edema or high blood pressure treatment. Regardless of the patient’s condition, the doctor must answer the following questions