现在完成时“再续华章”

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  同学们,我们上一单元初步认识了现在完成时,重点学习了现在完成时的基本句型和基本用法,我们唱完了“三部曲”中的第一部,今天我们再来演唱第二部。这一部要学习现在完成时的另一用法:表示从过去开始一直持续到现在,也许还会继续下去的动作或状态。有同学认为这可是难中之难,其实,同学们不必害怕,只要把握住以下三个要点,你会感觉“势如破竹”。
  一、含ever和 never的句式
  ever和 never虽同为现在完成时的标志词,但用法不尽相同。ever意为“曾经”,表示肯定意思,可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。never意为“从不”,表示否定意思,常用来回答含有ever的一般疑问句。
  常用结构:have ever / never+过去分词,表示曾经的经历。
  —Have you ever seen the Great Wall? 你曾经见过长城吗?
  —Yes, I have. 是的,我见过。
  —No, I havent. / No, never. 不,我從来没见过。
  另外,要注意这两个词在句中的位置,它们常用于现在完成时中,通常置于助动词之后。
  Tom has ever visited that museum. 汤姆曾经参观过那个博物馆。
  We have never seen the film. 我们从没看过这部电影。
  二、have been to与have been in
  1. have been to表示“去过某地”,现在已经不在那个地方了。
  当have been to后面接副词,如接here, there, home等时,to要省略。变为have been here / there / home。
  You said that Zhijin Cave is very beautiful. Have you been there? 你曾经说过织金洞非常美,你去过那儿吗?
  2. have been in+组织,表示加入某组织。
  He has been in the army for 3 years. 他参军三年了。
  have been + adj. / n. 呈现……状态。
  The shop has been open for 10 years. 这家店营业十年了。
  We have been friends since we were five. 我们从五岁起就一直是朋友。
  【辨析】 have been to, have gone to与 have been in / at
  have been to表示“曾经去过”,现已回来,后面可接次数。
  He has been to Beijing three times. 他去过北京三次。
  have gone to表示“去某地了”,指现在到了某地或在去某地的途中。
  The Greens have gone to Dalian for a holiday. 格林一家去大连度假了。
  have been in / at表示“在某地呆了一段时间”,常接时间段。
  He has been in London for half a year. 他在伦敦呆了半年。
  三、常和现在完成时连用的时间状语
  常和现在完成时连用的时间状语除了之前学过的already, yet, ever, never,还有下面两种情况:
  1. 用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语。如:just, before, up to now, so far, until now, in the past few years等。
  I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。
  2. for +一段时间,since+时间点。
  Ive lived here for 15 years. 我已经在这里住十五年了。
  Ive lived here since 15 years ago. 自从十五年前我就住在这里了。
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