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This study aimed at the effect of γ -emitting radionuclide 103Pd on the proliferation and apoptosis ofvascular SMCs (smooth muscle cells) in vitro. The cavy aortic SMCs were cultured with culture medium M-199. Theexperiments were carried out in two groups, one for proliferation test and the other for apoptosis test. In each group,103Pd solutions with various radioactivities were respectively added to the culture solution to irradiate SMCs for 72 h,while non-radioactive palladium solution was added to the control. 3H-thymidine incorporation test and liquid scin-tillator were used to detect the effect of 103Pd on the proliferation of SMCs. Flow cytometer was used to detect theapoptotic SMCs. The inhibition rate of SMCs proliferation by 1.85 MBq 103Pd solution was 2.3%, which was not sig-nificant, while the inhibition rate increased from 41.6% to 91.3% as the 103Pd activity increased from 7.40 MBq to 37MBq. The apoptosis rate of SMCs was extremely low (less than 4.0%) by 103Pd with activity from 1.85 MBq to 37MBq. The results suggest that the proliferation of SMCs can be repressed effectively in a dose-dependent fashion by103Pd in vitro. The mechanism of its inhibiting over neointima proliferation is likely to inhibite SMCs proliferationrather than to induce its apoptosis by 103Pd. 103Pd can be used as a γ -emitting intravascular brachytherapy radionu-clide to inhibit SMCs proliferation.