1前言药物可通过不同的吸收位点进行跨膜吸收,如鼻腔、口腔/舌下以及小肠粘膜等。相对于口服给药,这些吸收位点为全身系统给药提供了某些优势。这种给药方式的优势包括绕过首过效应,快速起效,以及避免胃肠道代谢等。粘膜给药途径已经被成功地应用于许多小分子药物的传输。然而, 1 Introduction Drugs can be transmembrane absorption through different absorption sites, such as the nasal cavity, oral / sublingual and small intestinal mucosa. These absorption sites provide certain advantages for systemic systemic administration over oral administration. Advantages of this mode of administration include bypassing the first pass effect, rapid onset of action, and avoiding gastrointestinal metabolism. Mucosal routes of administration have been successfully applied to the delivery of many small molecule drugs. however,