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随着生物医学和分子影像的飞速发展，融合光、声、电、磁、放射性核素等多种模态和跨越分子、细胞、组织和活体动物等多个尺度的多模态跨尺度医学成像逐渐成为生物医学成像的研究热潮，多功能造影剂随之成为该领域的研究热点之一。稀土上转换纳米材料是一种能够将长波长的低能光子转化成为短波长的高能光子的荧光纳米材料，其为多模态造影剂的研发提供了新平台，在多模态医学成像领域得到广泛应用。该文对稀土上转换纳米材料在多模态跨尺度医学成像中的应用进展进行综述。“,”With the rapid development of biomedicine and molecular imaging, multimodal and multiscale imaging have gradually become one of the mainstreams in biomedical imaging. It can provide one or multiple imaging contrast including optical, ultrasonic, photoacoustic, magnetic and radionuclide characteristics, and create multiscale images of living organism ranging from single molecules, cells, tissues and living animals. Therefore, multifunctional contrast agents for multimodal and multiscale imaging have been designed and developed. Lanthanide-doping upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are a novel type of phosphor that can convert low-energy near-infrared photons into a high-energy one, which are located in the ultraviolet, visible or near-infrared region. UCNPs provide a new platform for the development of multimodal contrast agents and have been widely used in the field of multimodal imaging. In this review, recent progress of lanthanide-doping UCNPs in multimodal and multiscale imaging is summarized.