【摘 要】
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The pace-of-life syndrome(POLS)hypothesis predicts that most variation in life history,physiology,and behavior among individuals,populations,and species falls along a continuum from slow to fast pace of life.While there is evidence for climatic gradient-m
【机 构】
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CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization,Ecological Restora
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The pace-of-life syndrome(POLS)hypothesis predicts that most variation in life history,physiology,and behavior among individuals,populations,and species falls along a continuum from slow to fast pace of life.While there is evidence for climatic gradient-mediated POLS patterns among species,this approach has rarely been explicitly used to study POLS patterns among-and within-populations.In addition,the roles of sex in POLS evolution among-or within-populations are largely unknown.In this study,we investigated the effects of altitudinal gradient and sex on the covariations between growth rate and several physiological traits closely associated with POLS(blood glucose,baseline-and stress-induced glucocorticoids(GCs),hemolysis and hemagglutination)in the Asiatic toad Bufo gargarizans.Contrary to our expectation,altitudinal gradient had no influence on the covariations between growth rate and physiological traits,neither at the among-nor within-population level,indicating that these trait integrations have similar fitness payoffs across hierarchical levels.In contrast,we found evidence for sex-specific POLS composition:there was a negative covariance structure between growth rate and baseline GCs-but only in females,and a positive covariance structure between growth rate and baseline GCs-but only in females,and a positive covariance structure between growth rate and hemagglutination-but only in males.This observation indicates that these trait associations differ dramatically in advancing fitness for each sex,and supports the idea that sex-specific POLS composition could evolve in species in which the reproductive roles largely differ between the sexes.
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