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海洋船舶油类污染主要来源于海上船舶油污事故性泄漏和船舶自用燃油废料的排放。海上船舶油污事故性泄漏,主要是指船舶碰撞、触礁、搁浅、火灾或爆炸等海难事故造成船舶燃油、载运的货油、核材料、有害有毒物质、金属原料泄漏导致严重的海洋污染。船舶自用燃油废料的排泄是船舶倾倒、船舶排放的污染物质污染,包括船舶废弃物、船舶生活污水、船舶垃圾、船舶含油污水、压舱(载)水、洗舱水、机舱舱底水及底泥等对海洋环境造成污染并对生物多样性及海洋物种的生态平衡产生破坏与威胁。从损害的不可避免这一角度来看,油污损害与自然灾害具有同样的性质。据统计,每年约有超过6.5亿桶的石油通过船舶在世界范围内流通,大量的石油运输活动,给人类的海洋环境带来了巨大的风险。本文从比较法的角度出发,对与海洋船舶油污的损害赔偿制度有关的国际公约、美国法和《欧盟环境责任指令》作了详细阐述,并剖析其不同点和背景原因。在写作结构上,本文分为七个部分。第一部分介绍了海洋船舶油污损害赔偿的一般理论。第二部分对有关海洋船舶油污损害赔偿的国内外立法的现状进行阐述和分析。第三部分剖析了损害赔偿评估的一般标准以及损害赔偿的范围。第四部分和第五部分对纯经济损失和自然资源损失单独进行讨论,分别指出国际社会、美国与欧盟各自的不同做法以及原因。从历史发展趋势来看,尽管国际公约以及各国国内法对这两种损失的称谓有所不同,但多数国家倾向于在一定程度上对纯经济损失以及自然资源损失给予赔偿。第六部分讨论了海洋船舶油污损害赔偿的免责事由。第七部分对海洋船舶油污损害赔偿作了简单的归纳和总结。
Oil pollution from marine vessels comes mainly from the accidental leakage of oil-contaminated marine vessels and the emission of self-used oil scraps by ships. Accidental oil spills on ships at sea mainly refer to the serious marine pollution caused by leakage of cargo oil, nuclear materials, hazardous and noxious substances and metal raw materials caused by marine accidents such as collision, reefing, stranding, fire or explosion due to shipwreck accidents. The discharge of self-used oil scraps by ships is caused by the dumping of ships and pollution of pollutants discharged by ships, including ship’s waste, domestic sewage of ships, rubbish of ships, oily wastewater of ships, ballast water, tank washings, Mud and other pollution of the marine environment and the destruction and threats to biological diversity and the ecological balance of marine species. From the unavoidable point of view of damage, oil pollution damage has the same nature as natural disasters. According to statistics, more than 650 million barrels of oil circulate around the world every year. The huge oil transportation activities pose a huge risk to the marine environment of mankind. This article from the perspective of comparative law, elaborates on the international conventions relating to the system of damage compensation for marine oil pollution, the United States Law and the EU Environmental Liability Directive, and analyzes its differences and background. In writing structure, this article is divided into seven parts. The first part introduces the general theory of oil ship damage compensation for marine vessels. The second part elaborates and analyzes the status quo of domestic and foreign legislation on compensation for oil pollution damage to marine vessels. The third part analyzes the general criteria for damages assessment and the scope of damages. The fourth part and the fifth part separately discuss purely economic loss and loss of natural resources, and point out the different approaches and reasons of the international community, the United States and the EU respectively. Judging from the historical development trend, although international conventions and national laws have different appellations for these two losses, most countries tend to compensate to some extent for purely economic losses and loss of natural resources. The sixth part discusses the exemption of compensation for marine oil pollution damage. The seventh part gives a simple summary and summary of the compensation for the damage caused by the oil pollution of marine vessels.