在量热学中,最重要的理论莫过于热平衡方程。作为建立这个方程的基础概念乃是对热量和温度这两个本质截然不同的热学量的区分,以及潜热和热容量概念的引入。所有这些在十七世纪牛顿、波意耳等前辈科学家的研究中虽已有所接触,但并不明确,甚至还十分混乱。比如,热平衡时温度均匀曾被错误地理解为物体各部分的热素是均匀分布,这显然是没有把温度和热量加以区分。对冰在溶解过程和水的沸腾需要时间,同时会不断地吸收大量热而温度并不升高这类现象,早已为一些从事酿酒业的人们所发现,关于热容量甚至早在十七世纪时,由托里拆 In calorimetry, the most important theory is the thermal equilibrium equation. The basic concept for establishing this equation is to distinguish the two fundamentally different amounts of heat, heat and temperature, and the introduction of latent heat and heat capacity concepts. All of these were contacted in the study of the seventeenth-century scientists such as Newton and Poyer, but they were unclear and even confused. For example, the temperature uniformity in thermal equilibrium was misunderstood as the uniform distribution of thermal elements in various parts of the object. This obviously does not distinguish between temperature and heat. It takes time for the ice to dissolve in the process and water to boil, and at the same time it continuously absorbs large amounts of heat and the temperature does not rise. This phenomenon has long been discovered by some people who are engaged in the wine industry, even when the heat capacity was in the seventeenth century. Tori demolition