Under the excitation of 980 nm diode laser, intense green emission (5F4+5S2-5I8) of Ho3+ was observed in Ho3+ and Yb3+ co-doped cubic Y2O3. The doping concentration and laser power dependence of the upconverted emission were studied. The decay curves of 5F4+5S2 emission of Ho3+ under the excitation of 355 nm pulse laser were measured to investigate the energy transfer process between Ho3+ and Yb3+. The results indicated that two-photon process was responsible for the upconversion (UC) emission. The Ho3+ concentration of 0.04 mol.% and the Yb3+ concentration of 5 mol.% were determined to be the best value for the strongest Ho3+ emission under the excitation of 980 nm light. The cross-relaxation between two neighboring Ho3+ ions and the back energy transfer from Ho3+ to Yb3+ were important factors for determin- ing the optimal doping concentration. This material was a promising candidate for the application in biomedical fluorescent labels for the intense green emission upon excitation of near-infrared (NIR) light. Under the excitation of 980 nm diode laser, intense green emission (5F4 + 5S2-5I8) of Ho3 + was observed in Ho3 + and Yb3 + co-doped cubic Y2O3. The doping concentration and laser power dependence of the upconverted emission were studied. The decay curves of 5F4 + 5S2 emission of Ho3 + under the excitation of 355 nm pulse laser were measured to investigate the energy transfer process between Ho3 + and Yb3 +. The results indicated that two-photon process was responsible for the upconversion (UC) emission. The Ho3 + concentration of 0.04 mol.% And the Yb3 + concentration of 5 mol.% Were determined to be the best value for the strongest Ho3 + emission under the excitation of 980 nm light. The cross-relaxation between two neighboring Ho3 + ions and the back energy transfer from Ho3 + to This material was a promising candidate for the application in biomedical fluorescent labels for the intense green emission upon excitation o f near-infrared (NIR) light.