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非谓语动词是每年高考英语试题考查的一个热点。全国高考英语试题在2012年中就单项选择题非谓语动词共有32道题,其中动词不定式有11道题,动词-ing形式有14道题,过去分词有7道题。
一、动词-ing形式(动名词和现在分词)
1.动词-ing形式作主语
(上海春招卷37)___a wet football can hurt your foot if you are not careful.
A.Kicking B.Kicked C.Having kicked D.Kick
解析:答案为A。动词-ing在句中作主语,其逻辑主语泛指人们。
2.动词-ing形式作宾语
(北京23)One learns a language by making mistakes and ___them.
A.corrects B.correct C.to correct D.correting
解析:答案为D。分析结构和句意可知,此处的“出现错误”和“改正错误”是并列的,都作介词by的宾语,故使用动名词形式。
3.动名词-ing形式作定语(动名词和现在分词)
(江西35)John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter___him it.
A.offered B.offering C.to offer D.to be offered
解析:答案为B。现在分词短语“offering him it”作后置定语修饰“letter”,相当于一个定语从句“which offered him it”.
4.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
(四川8)I looked up and noticed a snake ___its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A.to wind B.wind C.winding D.wound
解析:答案为C。此句中考查了notice sb./sth.doing结构,意思是“看见某人/某物正在做...”表示动作正在发生。而notice sb./sth.do意思是“看见某人已经做过某事,”表示動作的全过程。
5.动词-ing形式作状语(现在分词)
动名词具有动词特征与名词特征。现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看也可以作状语,表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后,也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
(1)表原因可反复在句首或句末。
(重庆23)___to work over time that evening,I missed a wonderful film.
A.Having been asked B.To ask
C.Having asked D.To be asked
解析:答案为A。由“missed”一词及句意可推断被要求加班的动作先于错过电影之前发生,故选现在分词的完成被动式。
(2)表方式或伴随,多置于句首或句末。
(天津11)He got up late and hurried to his office,___the breakfast untouched.
A.left B.to leave C.leaving D.having left
解析:答案为C。leaving作伴随状语。
归纳:使用现在分词作状语需要注意以下几点:1.现在分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致;2.现在分词的一般式作状语时,现在分词与句中的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,并与句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生。
6.现在分词的独立主格结构
现在分词可由其独立的逻辑主语,其常常是名词或代词的主格,置于现在分词之前,构成分词独立结构。现在分词独立结构常常用作状语,置于句首或句末,偶尔也置于句中。如:
(全国大纲卷28)The party will be held in the garden,weather
.
A.permitting B.to permit C.permitted D.permit
解析:答案为A。独立主格结构weather permitting作条件状语,相当于if weather permits.
二、动词的V-ed形式(过去分词)
1.过去分词作宾语补足语
(四川12)Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car___.
A.washed B.wash C.washing D.to wash
解析:答案为A。此题考查get sth.done结构,意为“让某事被做”。注意,sth.和done之间是被动关系。
2.过去分词作定语
过去分词是单词,常置于其所修饰的名词之前;过去分词是短语,则常置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句。如:
(山东35)After completing and signing it,please return the form to us in the envelope___. A.providing B.provided
C.having provided D.provide
解析:答案为B。此处provide与envelop之间是动宾关系,故应用过去分词表被动,作后置定语。
3.过去分词作状语
过去分词从表意的角度看也可以用作状语,表时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
1)表条件,如:
(上海春季33)Once___,Jo devoted her life to looking after children and being a full-time homemaker.
A.having married B.being married
C.marrying D.married
解析:答案为D。据空前的once可知所填非谓语动词作条件状语,逻辑主语是句子主语JO;marry通常作及物动词,且常构成be married句型。
2)表时间。强调时间概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when/while。
(全国大纲卷32)Film has a much shorter history,especially when___such art forms as music and painting.
A.having compared to B.comparing to
C.compare to D.compared to
解析:答案为D。此处是连词when 过去分词作时间状语相当于一个状语从句,即when it is compared to.
三、动词不定式
1.动词不定式作主语
(浙江3)No matter how bright a talker you are,these are times when it’s better___silent.
A.remain B.be remaining
C.having remained D.to remain
解析:答案為D。it是形式上的主语,真正的主语是to remain silent.
2.动词不定式作宾语
不定式在句中作宾语,其逻辑主语同时是句子的主语。
(安徽24)I remembered___the door before I left the office,but forgot to tern off the lights.
A.locking B.to lock C.having locked D.to have locked
解析:答案为B。remember doing/having done意为“记得做过某事”;remember to do sth意为“记得要去做某事”。由句意知门没有锁上,灯也没关。
3.动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语,通常皆放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
(重庆28)We’re having a meeting in half an hour.The decision
at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A.to be made B.being made C.made D.having been made
解析:答案为A。不定式短语表示将要做的事。又因decision与make之间为被动关系,故选A。
4.动词不定式作状语
动词不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果和条件。
(1)动词不定式作目的状语。
(北京32)Bird’s singing is sometimes a warning to other birds___away.
A.to stay B.staying C.stayed D.stay
解析:答案为A。other birds与stay之间是主谓关系,表将要走开离开,因此需使用不定式表目的。
(2)动词不定式作结果状语。如:
(四川6)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only___his plane high up in the sky.
A.finding B.to find C.being found D.to have found
解析:答案为B。不定式短语only to do在句中作结果状语,表意想不到的情况发生;而only doing表自然或意料的结果。据句意,应是意想不到的结果。
一、动词-ing形式(动名词和现在分词)
1.动词-ing形式作主语
(上海春招卷37)___a wet football can hurt your foot if you are not careful.
A.Kicking B.Kicked C.Having kicked D.Kick
解析:答案为A。动词-ing在句中作主语,其逻辑主语泛指人们。
2.动词-ing形式作宾语
(北京23)One learns a language by making mistakes and ___them.
A.corrects B.correct C.to correct D.correting
解析:答案为D。分析结构和句意可知,此处的“出现错误”和“改正错误”是并列的,都作介词by的宾语,故使用动名词形式。
3.动名词-ing形式作定语(动名词和现在分词)
(江西35)John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter___him it.
A.offered B.offering C.to offer D.to be offered
解析:答案为B。现在分词短语“offering him it”作后置定语修饰“letter”,相当于一个定语从句“which offered him it”.
4.动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
(四川8)I looked up and noticed a snake ___its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A.to wind B.wind C.winding D.wound
解析:答案为C。此句中考查了notice sb./sth.doing结构,意思是“看见某人/某物正在做...”表示动作正在发生。而notice sb./sth.do意思是“看见某人已经做过某事,”表示動作的全过程。
5.动词-ing形式作状语(现在分词)
动名词具有动词特征与名词特征。现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看也可以作状语,表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后,也可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
(1)表原因可反复在句首或句末。
(重庆23)___to work over time that evening,I missed a wonderful film.
A.Having been asked B.To ask
C.Having asked D.To be asked
解析:答案为A。由“missed”一词及句意可推断被要求加班的动作先于错过电影之前发生,故选现在分词的完成被动式。
(2)表方式或伴随,多置于句首或句末。
(天津11)He got up late and hurried to his office,___the breakfast untouched.
A.left B.to leave C.leaving D.having left
解析:答案为C。leaving作伴随状语。
归纳:使用现在分词作状语需要注意以下几点:1.现在分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语必须保持一致;2.现在分词的一般式作状语时,现在分词与句中的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,并与句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生。
6.现在分词的独立主格结构
现在分词可由其独立的逻辑主语,其常常是名词或代词的主格,置于现在分词之前,构成分词独立结构。现在分词独立结构常常用作状语,置于句首或句末,偶尔也置于句中。如:
(全国大纲卷28)The party will be held in the garden,weather
.
A.permitting B.to permit C.permitted D.permit
解析:答案为A。独立主格结构weather permitting作条件状语,相当于if weather permits.
二、动词的V-ed形式(过去分词)
1.过去分词作宾语补足语
(四川12)Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car___.
A.washed B.wash C.washing D.to wash
解析:答案为A。此题考查get sth.done结构,意为“让某事被做”。注意,sth.和done之间是被动关系。
2.过去分词作定语
过去分词是单词,常置于其所修饰的名词之前;过去分词是短语,则常置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句。如:
(山东35)After completing and signing it,please return the form to us in the envelope___. A.providing B.provided
C.having provided D.provide
解析:答案为B。此处provide与envelop之间是动宾关系,故应用过去分词表被动,作后置定语。
3.过去分词作状语
过去分词从表意的角度看也可以用作状语,表时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
1)表条件,如:
(上海春季33)Once___,Jo devoted her life to looking after children and being a full-time homemaker.
A.having married B.being married
C.marrying D.married
解析:答案为D。据空前的once可知所填非谓语动词作条件状语,逻辑主语是句子主语JO;marry通常作及物动词,且常构成be married句型。
2)表时间。强调时间概念时,过去分词之前可用连词when/while。
(全国大纲卷32)Film has a much shorter history,especially when___such art forms as music and painting.
A.having compared to B.comparing to
C.compare to D.compared to
解析:答案为D。此处是连词when 过去分词作时间状语相当于一个状语从句,即when it is compared to.
三、动词不定式
1.动词不定式作主语
(浙江3)No matter how bright a talker you are,these are times when it’s better___silent.
A.remain B.be remaining
C.having remained D.to remain
解析:答案為D。it是形式上的主语,真正的主语是to remain silent.
2.动词不定式作宾语
不定式在句中作宾语,其逻辑主语同时是句子的主语。
(安徽24)I remembered___the door before I left the office,but forgot to tern off the lights.
A.locking B.to lock C.having locked D.to have locked
解析:答案为B。remember doing/having done意为“记得做过某事”;remember to do sth意为“记得要去做某事”。由句意知门没有锁上,灯也没关。
3.动词不定式作定语
不定式作定语,通常皆放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
(重庆28)We’re having a meeting in half an hour.The decision
at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
A.to be made B.being made C.made D.having been made
解析:答案为A。不定式短语表示将要做的事。又因decision与make之间为被动关系,故选A。
4.动词不定式作状语
动词不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果和条件。
(1)动词不定式作目的状语。
(北京32)Bird’s singing is sometimes a warning to other birds___away.
A.to stay B.staying C.stayed D.stay
解析:答案为A。other birds与stay之间是主谓关系,表将要走开离开,因此需使用不定式表目的。
(2)动词不定式作结果状语。如:
(四川6)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only___his plane high up in the sky.
A.finding B.to find C.being found D.to have found
解析:答案为B。不定式短语only to do在句中作结果状语,表意想不到的情况发生;而only doing表自然或意料的结果。据句意,应是意想不到的结果。