历来人们对关汉卿《窦娥冤》中窦娥临刑时指天骂地所发的三桩誓愿存有不同看法,大致有褒贬两种:一是认为窦娥“三桩誓愿”表现了“战斗的信心,胜利的信心”(顾学颉语),是典型的反抗表现;二是认为三愿只是一种带有浪漫色彩的消极因素,是“一种微弱的反抗的表现”(陈毓罴语)。无论是拔高其意义,还是贬斥其作用,我认为都有一点对文本过分解读的嫌疑。《窦娥冤》作为关汉卿的代表作,其反映的元代社会内容的确是多方面的:高利贷盘剥、士人应举艰难、泼皮无 Historically, people have different opinions on the three vows promulgated by Guan Hanqing in the Dou’e injustice during the execution of Dou’e’s injustice. Generally speaking, there are two different opinions: one is that Dou E “three vows” “Fighting Confidence, Victory Confidence” (Gu Xuejie) is a typical manifestation of resistance; (2) thinking that Wishing is only a negative element of romantic color and “a manifestation of a faint resistance” Chen Yu 罴 language). Whether it is to elevate its significance or deprecate its role, I think there is a little suspicion of over-reading the text. As a masterpiece of Guan Hanqing, “Dou E Yuan Wrong” reflects the social content of the Yuan Dynasty in many aspects: Usury and exploitation, scholars should be hard,