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Abstract ［Objectives］ This study was conducted to investigate the appropriate addition amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase in the mixed silage of potato plants, so as to provide a basis for the rational use of potato plants.
［Methods］Fresh potato (Solanum tuberosum) seedling plants, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plants, and melon (Cucumis melo) plants were selected as raw materials for silage, each of which was added at a ratio of 32%, and 4% of brown flour was added additionally. On this basis, an L9(32) orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the amount of lactic acid bacteria (10, 20, 30 g/kg) and the amount of cellulase (5, 10, 15 g/kg) on the experimental results with sensory evaluation score as an investigation index.
［Results］ With the increase of the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase, the sensory evaluation score of silage increased, and it was the highest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg. With the increase of the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase added, ammonia nitrogen showed a decreasing trend, and the pH and ammonia nitrogen were the lowest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg.
［Conclusions］This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of effective ingredients and nutrients in potato plants and the development of new feed resources.
Key words Mixed silage of potato plants; Lactic acid bacteria; Cellulase; Addtion amount
Received: May 23, 2021 Accepted: July 28, 2021
Supported by Key R&D Program Major Project of Ningxia (2019BBF02016); New Technology Extension Project of Animal Husbandry in Autonomous Region Feed Workstation.
Ning’an MEI (1973-), male, P. R. China, researcher, master, devoted to research about animal nutrition.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
With the development of animal husbandry production, the demand for feed has also risen sharply. The shortage of conventional feed resources and the increase in breeding costs restrict the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Research and development of new high-quality and low-cost feed is imminent［1］. Potato plants, watermelons plants and melon plants are one of the main crop by-products in Ningxia, and the harmless treatment and resource utilization of them are of great significance for ensuring the healthy development of the fruit and vegetable industry and protecting the agricultural and rural ecological environment. This study aimed to use the feed value of potato plants, watermelon plants, and melon plants, so as to provide a basis for the rational use of their effective ingredients and nutrients and to open up new feed resources. Materials and Methods
Materials
The potato plants, potato plants and melon plants in Xiji County of Guyuan City were cut about 10 d before the normal cutting by farmers. The main nutrients are shown in Table 1.
Experimental design
Fresh potato plants, watermelon plants, and melon plants were used as raw materials for silage, and they were dried after cutting to reduce their water content to 65%, respectively［2］. The addition ratio of each raw material was 32%, and 4% of brown flour was added additionally.
Based on the total points of sensory evaluation, an L9(32) orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase on the experimental results. The factor levels are shown in Table 2.
Silage preparation
It was made by film-coating ensiling method. Raw materials without soil and other impurities were selected, each 480 kg, and the temperature was 22-25 ℃. The silage raw materials were chopped to a diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm, and then mixed and coated. After 45 d, sensory evaluation was carried out, and the fermentation index was determined.
Silage quality analysis
Sensory evaluation
The evaluators were composed of three members of our research group + three other people. According to the "German DLG silage sensory scoring standard" as the standard, three packages (about 60 kg per package) were selected for each treatment on site. Each package was opened to remove 2 cm of the outer layer, and the rest were mixed for testing. The evaluators scored according to three items: smell, texture, and color. Specifically, 16-20 was classified as good at level 1, 10-15 was classified as good at level 2, 5-9 was classified as medium at level 4, and 0-4 was classified as decay at level 4［3］.
Quality determination
Each treatment was set with three repetitions, from each of which 10 g of silage was weighed. Each weighed sample was added with 180 ml of distilled water, and squeezed for 1 min with a household juicer for a juice. The juice was then filtered with 4 layers of gauze and medium-speed qualitative filter paper, obtaining an extract, which was stored at -20 ℃ for the determination of pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The pH value was measured by a pH meter; and the ammonia nitrogen was measured by the phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method［2］.
Routine nutrition
The contents of crude protein (CP) and total nitrogen (TN) were determined by Kjeldahl method; crude fat was determined by Soxhlet extraction method; and the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by the van Soest fiber method［4］. Statistical analysis
Excel 2007 was used for data preprocessing, and SPSS25 was used for the difference significance test. The results were expressed as mean±standard deviation.
Results and Analysis
Sensory evaluation of silage with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added
The results are shown in Table 3.
It can be seen from Table 3 that as the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase added increased, the sensory evaluation score of silage increased, with A2B2 being the highest, and then tended to be stable. The sensory evaluation score was the highest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulase was 10 g/kg.
Determination of pH value and ammonia nitrogen of silage with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added
The results are shown in Table 4.
Different shoulder uppercase letters following data in the same column indicate extremely significant differences (P<0.01); different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and the same indicates insignificant differences (P>0.05). The same below.
It can be seen from Table 4 that the pH values of A1B1 and A1B2 were 4.3, and those of other groups were 4.2. The ammonia nitrogen contents of A1B1, A1B2, A1B1 and A1B3 were significantly higher than those of other groups (P<0.05). As the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase increased, the ammonia nitrogen showed a decreasing trend, but became stable after A2B2. The pH and ammonia nitrogen of silage were the lowest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulase was 10 g/kg.
Determination of nutritional components in silage with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added
The results are shown in Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 5 that there were no significant differences in crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber between different groups of mixed silage of potato plants with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added (P>0.05).
Conclusions
The addition of cellulase during the preparation of potato plant silage can reduce the cellulose content, promote the conversion
Conclusions and Discussion
In this study, picloram, clopyralid and benazolin were mixed to determine their joint toxicity to L. apogonoides［6］. It was found that when the ratio of the active ingredients of picloram, clopyralid and benazolin was 3∶1∶4, the toxicity was the highest, but the co-toxicity coefficient was not the largest; and when the ratio of the effective ingredients of the three herbicides was 2∶1∶6, the co-toxicity coefficient reached the maximum value of 290.0, showing a synergistic effect. In actual production, the effective ingredients can be compounded based on the ratio of 2∶1∶6, and after the relevant parameters are determined through screening of the preparation process, the obtained preparations can be widely used in production practice after the verification of their effects by field trials and other tests［5］. To sum up, when compounding herbicides, it must be carried out according to the characteristics of herbicides, the types of weeds, and the characteristics of crops［7］. The compounding of different ratios of picloram, clopyralid and benazolin has a significant synergistic effect on L. apogonoides, which reduces production costs and environmental pressure, providing technical support for the effective control of broad-leaved weeds such as L. apogonoides.
References
［1］ ZHAO LM. The safe use of agrochemicals and the popularization and application of medication technology［J］. Applied Engineering Technology, 2019(1): 61-62. (in Chinese)
［2］ ZHU WD, LIU XH, YAN DD, et al. Effect of picloram clopyralid clethodim dispersible oil suspension concentrate on controlling weeds in rape fields［J］. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2019, 41(1): 120-125. (in Chinese)
［3］ MA QL. Experiments on weed control in rape fields with enone benazolin［J］. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2013(2): 190-191. (in Chinese)
［4］ WEI YH, GUO QY, XIN CY, et al. Trial demonstration on new herbicides applied to control weeds in rape field Haomen farm［J］. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry, 2008(3): 14-15, 72. (in Chinese)
［5］ CHENG T, CHEN AW, JIANG B, et al. Demonstration and application prospects of the "345" model of green, high-quality and high-efficiency technology for rape［J］. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2020, 36(10): 27-29. (in Chinese)
［6］ ZHANG K, YAN DD, ZHAI Y, et al. Summary of the demonstration and popularization effects of fertilizer and pesticide reduction and the experiences in science and technology management during "Thirteenth Five-Year"［J］. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2020, 39(5): 1-4. (in Chinese)
［7］ MENG YF. Popularization and application of biological pesticide technology in agricultural planting in the new period［J］. Agriculture Engineering Technology, 2021(1): 55-56. (in Chinese)
［Methods］Fresh potato (Solanum tuberosum) seedling plants, watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) plants, and melon (Cucumis melo) plants were selected as raw materials for silage, each of which was added at a ratio of 32%, and 4% of brown flour was added additionally. On this basis, an L9(32) orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the amount of lactic acid bacteria (10, 20, 30 g/kg) and the amount of cellulase (5, 10, 15 g/kg) on the experimental results with sensory evaluation score as an investigation index.
［Results］ With the increase of the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase, the sensory evaluation score of silage increased, and it was the highest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg. With the increase of the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase added, ammonia nitrogen showed a decreasing trend, and the pH and ammonia nitrogen were the lowest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulose was 10 g/kg.
［Conclusions］This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of effective ingredients and nutrients in potato plants and the development of new feed resources.
Key words Mixed silage of potato plants; Lactic acid bacteria; Cellulase; Addtion amount
Received: May 23, 2021 Accepted: July 28, 2021
Supported by Key R&D Program Major Project of Ningxia (2019BBF02016); New Technology Extension Project of Animal Husbandry in Autonomous Region Feed Workstation.
Ning’an MEI (1973-), male, P. R. China, researcher, master, devoted to research about animal nutrition.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
With the development of animal husbandry production, the demand for feed has also risen sharply. The shortage of conventional feed resources and the increase in breeding costs restrict the sustainable development of animal husbandry. Research and development of new high-quality and low-cost feed is imminent［1］. Potato plants, watermelons plants and melon plants are one of the main crop by-products in Ningxia, and the harmless treatment and resource utilization of them are of great significance for ensuring the healthy development of the fruit and vegetable industry and protecting the agricultural and rural ecological environment. This study aimed to use the feed value of potato plants, watermelon plants, and melon plants, so as to provide a basis for the rational use of their effective ingredients and nutrients and to open up new feed resources. Materials and Methods
Materials
The potato plants, potato plants and melon plants in Xiji County of Guyuan City were cut about 10 d before the normal cutting by farmers. The main nutrients are shown in Table 1.
Experimental design
Fresh potato plants, watermelon plants, and melon plants were used as raw materials for silage, and they were dried after cutting to reduce their water content to 65%, respectively［2］. The addition ratio of each raw material was 32%, and 4% of brown flour was added additionally.
Based on the total points of sensory evaluation, an L9(32) orthogonal experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the amount of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase on the experimental results. The factor levels are shown in Table 2.
Silage preparation
It was made by film-coating ensiling method. Raw materials without soil and other impurities were selected, each 480 kg, and the temperature was 22-25 ℃. The silage raw materials were chopped to a diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm, and then mixed and coated. After 45 d, sensory evaluation was carried out, and the fermentation index was determined.
Silage quality analysis
Sensory evaluation
The evaluators were composed of three members of our research group + three other people. According to the "German DLG silage sensory scoring standard" as the standard, three packages (about 60 kg per package) were selected for each treatment on site. Each package was opened to remove 2 cm of the outer layer, and the rest were mixed for testing. The evaluators scored according to three items: smell, texture, and color. Specifically, 16-20 was classified as good at level 1, 10-15 was classified as good at level 2, 5-9 was classified as medium at level 4, and 0-4 was classified as decay at level 4［3］.
Quality determination
Each treatment was set with three repetitions, from each of which 10 g of silage was weighed. Each weighed sample was added with 180 ml of distilled water, and squeezed for 1 min with a household juicer for a juice. The juice was then filtered with 4 layers of gauze and medium-speed qualitative filter paper, obtaining an extract, which was stored at -20 ℃ for the determination of pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The pH value was measured by a pH meter; and the ammonia nitrogen was measured by the phenol-sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method［2］.
Routine nutrition
The contents of crude protein (CP) and total nitrogen (TN) were determined by Kjeldahl method; crude fat was determined by Soxhlet extraction method; and the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by the van Soest fiber method［4］. Statistical analysis
Excel 2007 was used for data preprocessing, and SPSS25 was used for the difference significance test. The results were expressed as mean±standard deviation.
Results and Analysis
Sensory evaluation of silage with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added
The results are shown in Table 3.
It can be seen from Table 3 that as the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and the amount of cellulase added increased, the sensory evaluation score of silage increased, with A2B2 being the highest, and then tended to be stable. The sensory evaluation score was the highest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulase was 10 g/kg.
Determination of pH value and ammonia nitrogen of silage with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added
The results are shown in Table 4.
Different shoulder uppercase letters following data in the same column indicate extremely significant differences (P<0.01); different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and the same indicates insignificant differences (P>0.05). The same below.
It can be seen from Table 4 that the pH values of A1B1 and A1B2 were 4.3, and those of other groups were 4.2. The ammonia nitrogen contents of A1B1, A1B2, A1B1 and A1B3 were significantly higher than those of other groups (P<0.05). As the amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase increased, the ammonia nitrogen showed a decreasing trend, but became stable after A2B2. The pH and ammonia nitrogen of silage were the lowest when the amount of lactic acid bacteria added was 20 g/kg and the amount of cellulase was 10 g/kg.
Determination of nutritional components in silage with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added
The results are shown in Table 5.
It can be seen from Table 5 that there were no significant differences in crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber between different groups of mixed silage of potato plants with different amounts of lactic acid bacteria and cellulose added (P>0.05).
Conclusions
The addition of cellulase during the preparation of potato plant silage can reduce the cellulose content, promote the conversion
Conclusions and Discussion
In this study, picloram, clopyralid and benazolin were mixed to determine their joint toxicity to L. apogonoides［6］. It was found that when the ratio of the active ingredients of picloram, clopyralid and benazolin was 3∶1∶4, the toxicity was the highest, but the co-toxicity coefficient was not the largest; and when the ratio of the effective ingredients of the three herbicides was 2∶1∶6, the co-toxicity coefficient reached the maximum value of 290.0, showing a synergistic effect. In actual production, the effective ingredients can be compounded based on the ratio of 2∶1∶6, and after the relevant parameters are determined through screening of the preparation process, the obtained preparations can be widely used in production practice after the verification of their effects by field trials and other tests［5］. To sum up, when compounding herbicides, it must be carried out according to the characteristics of herbicides, the types of weeds, and the characteristics of crops［7］. The compounding of different ratios of picloram, clopyralid and benazolin has a significant synergistic effect on L. apogonoides, which reduces production costs and environmental pressure, providing technical support for the effective control of broad-leaved weeds such as L. apogonoides.
References
［1］ ZHAO LM. The safe use of agrochemicals and the popularization and application of medication technology［J］. Applied Engineering Technology, 2019(1): 61-62. (in Chinese)
［2］ ZHU WD, LIU XH, YAN DD, et al. Effect of picloram clopyralid clethodim dispersible oil suspension concentrate on controlling weeds in rape fields［J］. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2019, 41(1): 120-125. (in Chinese)
［3］ MA QL. Experiments on weed control in rape fields with enone benazolin［J］. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2013(2): 190-191. (in Chinese)
［4］ WEI YH, GUO QY, XIN CY, et al. Trial demonstration on new herbicides applied to control weeds in rape field Haomen farm［J］. Science and Technology of Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry, 2008(3): 14-15, 72. (in Chinese)
［5］ CHENG T, CHEN AW, JIANG B, et al. Demonstration and application prospects of the "345" model of green, high-quality and high-efficiency technology for rape［J］. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2020, 36(10): 27-29. (in Chinese)
［6］ ZHANG K, YAN DD, ZHAI Y, et al. Summary of the demonstration and popularization effects of fertilizer and pesticide reduction and the experiences in science and technology management during "Thirteenth Five-Year"［J］. China Agricultural Technology Extension, 2020, 39(5): 1-4. (in Chinese)
［7］ MENG YF. Popularization and application of biological pesticide technology in agricultural planting in the new period［J］. Agriculture Engineering Technology, 2021(1): 55-56. (in Chinese)