目的　了解抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体 (ANCA)在新疆地区维吾尔族 (维族 )及汉族溃疡性结肠炎 (UC)患者中的阳性率 ,确定其对维族及汉族UC的诊断及鉴别诊断意义 ,同时通过比较维族及汉族UC患者中ANCA的阳性率 ,了解是否存在同一地区不同种族UC的ANCA阳性率的差异 ,评价ANCA是UC遗传易感性标志的可能性。方法　用间接免疫荧光法检测UC患者 (维族 3 9例 ,汉族 3 1例 )、腹泻患者 (维族 3 0例 ,汉族 3 0例 )及健康对照者 (维族 3 0例 ,汉族 3 0例 )的血清ANCA ,比较不同组间及不同种族间ANCA的阳性率。结果　UC组中维族及汉族的ANCA阳性率与对照组相比 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;UC组中维族与汉族间的ANCA表达 ,差异亦有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,ANCA在维族与汉族UC中的阳性率与病变范围及病情程度无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　ANCA对UC具有较高的敏感性及特异性 ,是UC诊断的一个辅助手段 ,并具有鉴别诊断意义。同时提示 ,ANCA可能为UC遗传易感性的标志。 Objective To investigate the positive rate of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) in Uygur and Han patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and to determine its significance in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Uygur and Han UC. At the same time, by comparing the positive rate of ANCA in Uygur and Han nationality UC patients, to find out whether ANCA positivity rate exists in different ethnic UC in the same area and to evaluate the possibility that ANCA is a genetic susceptibility marker of UC. Methods Thirty-nine Uygur patients, 31 Han patients, 30 diarrhea patients (30 Uygur and 30 Han patients) and healthy controls (30 Uygur and 30 Han patients) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay Serum ANCA was used to compare the positive rates of ANCA in different groups and among different races. Results The ANCA positive rate in Uygur and Han nationality in UC group was significantly higher than that in control group (P <0.05). The ANCA expression in Uygur and Han nationality in UC group was also significantly different (P < 0. 05). The positive rate of ANCA in Uygur and Han UC was not related to the extent of disease and severity of illness (P> 0.05). Conclusion ANCA has a high sensitivity and specificity to UC, which is an adjunct to UC diagnosis and has the significance of differential diagnosis. At the same time, ANCA may be a sign of genetic susceptibility to UC.