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Critical discourse analysis was first known as an approach of discourse analysis in 1979 when Language and Control was published by Fowler, Hodge, Kress and Trew, a group of colleagues at that time working at the University of East Anglia. Critical discourse analysis has experienced remarkable development over the past three decades. Chinese scholar Chen Zhongzhu (1995) introduced four periods of CDA’s development: the beginning period (1976-1979), the stagnation period(1979-1985), the introspection period( 1985—1987) and the new development period(1988 and after). During those periods, a quantity of western linguists contributed much to the development of critical discourse analysis. Among them, Fowler, Fairclough, van Dijk are the famous representatives. In recent years, critical discourse analysis has been used to make analysis of news reports both abroad and at home.
Chapter 1 Previous Critical Discourse Analysis studies about news reports abroad
News reports have always been the main research subject of critical discourse analysis. Linguists have done a lot of related work in this field.
Fowler, in Linguistic Criticism, analyzes the headlines of British news reports in order to discuss the relationship between the discourse structure and the socio-ideological structure. Fowler also demonstrates that the choices of lexicon and syntax have great impacts on embodying ideology. Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar is applied by Fowler to analysis news discourse. In 1991, framework of critical discourse analysis is expounded and utilized to specific news reports by Fowler. He pays more attention the analytical tools of CDA, like transitivity, modality, lexical classification and transformation.
van Dijk is one of the distinguished linguists in critical news reports analysis field with remarkable research results and published works. During the 1970s, he insisted that mass media discourse analysis should consider the factor of context of texts. In the 1980s, van Dijk proposed an interdisciplinary theory for news reports analysis and put it into use by describing and exploring the racial prejudice, misuse of authority and inequality in the media. His researches on racism and the press set a detail analytical model to mass media analysis. According to his researches of racism in news discourse, it can be concluded that the minority actors are more likely to achieve the first place in the headlines when carry out negative action and quoted less when they implement positive action than the majorities. van Dijk concludes that racism has its social origin and functions as protecting the majority’s rights and interests. Fairclough, a British linguist, has done a large number of researches on news reports. He introduces Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar and social theories into critical discourse analysis, proposing that social context should be taken into account. His three-dimensional model concerning language, discourse and power in society is widely applied to news reports analysis. Emphasis on intertextuality is the special contribution made by Fairclough to mass media researches. He defines two kinds of intertextuality—‘manifest intertextuality’ which is marked by explicit signs, indicating the presence of other texts, and ‘constitutive intertextuality’ which means the relations among a variety of genres in the text.
Allan Bell (1991) focuses not only on the generation process of news reports but also the audiences. He researches how audiences are influenced by news reports and whether the audiences understand or misunderstand the news presented to them.
Chapter 2 Previous Critical Discourse Analysis studies about news reports in China
After Chen Zhongzhu first introduced the approach of critical discourse analysis to China in 1995, a great many Chinese scholars attempt to analyze mass media from the perspective of critical discourse analysis.
Chen Zhongzhu(1995) puts the approach of critical discourse analysis into practice by analyzing two pieces of news on the strike of coal miners from two different British newspapers. In that paper, Chen illustrates that how grammar and discourse structures can be used to realize ideological transmission and to achieve power control (Chen Zhongzhu 1995b).
Xin Bin is the most productive linguist in CDA field in China with various works ranging from theories to practices. Xin Bin argues that comparative study is needed in analyzing news reports. He adopts several analytical tools, such as lexical classification, modality, transitivity, nominalization and passivization to analyze different news reports on the same affairs. What’s more, Xin proposes to employ intertextuality to critical news reports analysis and puts it into use by comparing two news reports from the perspective of news resources, reporting verbs, direct and indirect speeches. In 2005, Xin Bin published his monograph named Critical Linguistics: Theory and Application, which is the sole monograph in China that gives the comprehensive introduction about critical discourse analysis and the related methodologies. Lexical classification, modality, transitivity and transformation are introduced as the main analytical tools in that book with a large number of case studies on the same events for the purpose of revealing the hidden ideology. Zhang Yanxu (1998) discovers that classification and modality are most frequently used to invest ideology in news weekly.
Xu Lixin (1999) implements a contrastive study of four news reports about Indian nuclear test. By analyzing the headlines, leads and contents of the four news reports from the angle of modality, transitivity and lexical classification, Xu concludes that different news reports about the same event might because of the different hidden ideology.
Wang Qingxin and Ji Weining (2000) analyze Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional model as theoretical framework and Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar as an analytical tool. They draw the conclusion that both the language and discourse is the reflection of ideology from the study. This paper is a good example of applying Fairclough’s three-dimensional model and Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar to critical discourse analysis.
Dai Weihua and Gao Jun (2002) introduce the concepts, principles and CDA’s theoretical framework, underlining the interaction among discourse, ideology and power by means of analyzing an English news discourse.
Huang Linyin, et al. (2009) conduct a comparative study on headlines from different news discourse on the same affair in order to indicate the relationship between ideology and news reports.
References
Bell, A. The Language of News Media [M]. Oxford: Blackwell publishers, 1991.
Fairclough, N. Language and Power [M]. London/ New York: Longman, 1989.
Fairclough, N. Discourse and Social Change [M]. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992b.
Fairclough, N. Critical Discourse Analysis: the Critical Study of Language. New York: Longman Group Limited, 1995.
Fowler, R. Linguistic Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Fowler, R. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge, 1991.
Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M]. London: Edward Amold, 1994.
Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second Edition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2008.
van Dijk, T. A. Critical discourse analysis. In Schiffrin, D., Tannern, D. & Hamilton, H.E. (eds), Handbook of Discourse Analysis, pp. 352-371. London: Blackwell.
van Dijk, T. A. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis [M]. Blackwell Publishers, 1988.
参考文献
[1]陈中竺.批评语言学述评[J].外语教学与研究,1995 ,(1).
[2]陈中竺.语篇与意识形态：批评性语篇分析—对两条罢工新闻的分析[J].外国语,1995b, (3).
[3]戴炜华,高军.批评语篇分析：理论评述和实例分析[J].外国语, 2002,(6).
[4]黄琳茵,徐瑞,许静.新闻语篇与意识形态间互动关系的解读—外媒新闻标题的批评性分析[J].东华理工大学学报,2009,(2).
Chapter 1 Previous Critical Discourse Analysis studies about news reports abroad
News reports have always been the main research subject of critical discourse analysis. Linguists have done a lot of related work in this field.
Fowler, in Linguistic Criticism, analyzes the headlines of British news reports in order to discuss the relationship between the discourse structure and the socio-ideological structure. Fowler also demonstrates that the choices of lexicon and syntax have great impacts on embodying ideology. Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar is applied by Fowler to analysis news discourse. In 1991, framework of critical discourse analysis is expounded and utilized to specific news reports by Fowler. He pays more attention the analytical tools of CDA, like transitivity, modality, lexical classification and transformation.
van Dijk is one of the distinguished linguists in critical news reports analysis field with remarkable research results and published works. During the 1970s, he insisted that mass media discourse analysis should consider the factor of context of texts. In the 1980s, van Dijk proposed an interdisciplinary theory for news reports analysis and put it into use by describing and exploring the racial prejudice, misuse of authority and inequality in the media. His researches on racism and the press set a detail analytical model to mass media analysis. According to his researches of racism in news discourse, it can be concluded that the minority actors are more likely to achieve the first place in the headlines when carry out negative action and quoted less when they implement positive action than the majorities. van Dijk concludes that racism has its social origin and functions as protecting the majority’s rights and interests. Fairclough, a British linguist, has done a large number of researches on news reports. He introduces Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar and social theories into critical discourse analysis, proposing that social context should be taken into account. His three-dimensional model concerning language, discourse and power in society is widely applied to news reports analysis. Emphasis on intertextuality is the special contribution made by Fairclough to mass media researches. He defines two kinds of intertextuality—‘manifest intertextuality’ which is marked by explicit signs, indicating the presence of other texts, and ‘constitutive intertextuality’ which means the relations among a variety of genres in the text.
Allan Bell (1991) focuses not only on the generation process of news reports but also the audiences. He researches how audiences are influenced by news reports and whether the audiences understand or misunderstand the news presented to them.
Chapter 2 Previous Critical Discourse Analysis studies about news reports in China
After Chen Zhongzhu first introduced the approach of critical discourse analysis to China in 1995, a great many Chinese scholars attempt to analyze mass media from the perspective of critical discourse analysis.
Chen Zhongzhu(1995) puts the approach of critical discourse analysis into practice by analyzing two pieces of news on the strike of coal miners from two different British newspapers. In that paper, Chen illustrates that how grammar and discourse structures can be used to realize ideological transmission and to achieve power control (Chen Zhongzhu 1995b).
Xin Bin is the most productive linguist in CDA field in China with various works ranging from theories to practices. Xin Bin argues that comparative study is needed in analyzing news reports. He adopts several analytical tools, such as lexical classification, modality, transitivity, nominalization and passivization to analyze different news reports on the same affairs. What’s more, Xin proposes to employ intertextuality to critical news reports analysis and puts it into use by comparing two news reports from the perspective of news resources, reporting verbs, direct and indirect speeches. In 2005, Xin Bin published his monograph named Critical Linguistics: Theory and Application, which is the sole monograph in China that gives the comprehensive introduction about critical discourse analysis and the related methodologies. Lexical classification, modality, transitivity and transformation are introduced as the main analytical tools in that book with a large number of case studies on the same events for the purpose of revealing the hidden ideology. Zhang Yanxu (1998) discovers that classification and modality are most frequently used to invest ideology in news weekly.
Xu Lixin (1999) implements a contrastive study of four news reports about Indian nuclear test. By analyzing the headlines, leads and contents of the four news reports from the angle of modality, transitivity and lexical classification, Xu concludes that different news reports about the same event might because of the different hidden ideology.
Wang Qingxin and Ji Weining (2000) analyze Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address by employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional model as theoretical framework and Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar as an analytical tool. They draw the conclusion that both the language and discourse is the reflection of ideology from the study. This paper is a good example of applying Fairclough’s three-dimensional model and Halliday’s systemic-functional grammar to critical discourse analysis.
Dai Weihua and Gao Jun (2002) introduce the concepts, principles and CDA’s theoretical framework, underlining the interaction among discourse, ideology and power by means of analyzing an English news discourse.
Huang Linyin, et al. (2009) conduct a comparative study on headlines from different news discourse on the same affair in order to indicate the relationship between ideology and news reports.
References
Bell, A. The Language of News Media [M]. Oxford: Blackwell publishers, 1991.
Fairclough, N. Language and Power [M]. London/ New York: Longman, 1989.
Fairclough, N. Discourse and Social Change [M]. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992b.
Fairclough, N. Critical Discourse Analysis: the Critical Study of Language. New York: Longman Group Limited, 1995.
Fowler, R. Linguistic Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Fowler, R. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge, 1991.
Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [M]. London: Edward Amold, 1994.
Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second Edition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2008.
van Dijk, T. A. Critical discourse analysis. In Schiffrin, D., Tannern, D. & Hamilton, H.E. (eds), Handbook of Discourse Analysis, pp. 352-371. London: Blackwell.
van Dijk, T. A. The Handbook of Discourse Analysis [M]. Blackwell Publishers, 1988.
参考文献
[1]陈中竺.批评语言学述评[J].外语教学与研究,1995 ,(1).
[2]陈中竺.语篇与意识形态：批评性语篇分析—对两条罢工新闻的分析[J].外国语,1995b, (3).
[3]戴炜华,高军.批评语篇分析：理论评述和实例分析[J].外国语, 2002,(6).
[4]黄琳茵,徐瑞,许静.新闻语篇与意识形态间互动关系的解读—外媒新闻标题的批评性分析[J].东华理工大学学报,2009,(2).