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同时性双侧原发乳腺癌是指两侧乳腺同步发生原发肿瘤，总体发病率较低，但近年来随着隐匿型乳腺癌的发现增加，其总体呈上升趋势。同时性双侧原发乳腺癌的发病机制尚未明确，老龄、一级乳腺癌家族史、癌前病变硬化性腺病与首发癌病理特点是目前认可的危险因素。与单侧乳腺癌相比，同时性双侧原发乳腺癌预后不佳。应增强高风险女性风险意识，定期检查，尽早发现非触及病灶。通过对高风险单侧乳腺癌患者采取各项预防性治疗，可有效减少乳腺癌事件，改善患者预后。本文通过回顾国内外文献，阐述同时性双侧原发乳腺癌的危险因素、病理组织学特征、预后和预防性治疗等。“,”Synchronous bilateral primary breast cancer refers to the simultaneous occurrence of primary cancers in both breasts. The overall morbidity is low. However, with the detection of occult breast cancer increasing recently, it shows an upward trend. The pathogenesis is not yet clear, old age, family history of primary breast cancer, sclerosing adenopathy of precancerous lesions and pathological characteristics of first cancer are currently recognized risk factors. Compared with unilateral breast cancer, prognosis for synchronous bilateral primary breast cancer is poor. Raise the risk awareness of high-risk women, check regularly to find non-palpable lesions as soon as possible. By taking various preventive treatments for patients with high-risk unilateral breast cancer, the incidence of breast cancer can be effectively reduced and the prognosis of patients can be improved. By reviewing the literature at home and abroad, it systematically expounds the risk factors, histopathological features, prognosis and preventive treatment of synchronous bilateral breast cancer.