论文部分内容阅读
酋长是拥有特殊社会—政治地位的个人。酋邦是一种政治制度,拥有双层级的管理结构。早期国家则是三层级的、跨区域的社会—政治组织,拥有权力集中的政府,以规范复杂的社会关系。从游团、村落、酋邦到早期国家,社会—政治组织呈现出日益复杂的结构变化。在最早的人类社会中,为了处理各种事务,临时首领应运而生。随着人口增加,社会事务日趋繁杂,管理形式不可避免地发生了变化,从而出现了酋长、酋邦和早期国家。在这一过程中,剩余产品的生产发挥了重要作用。当社会规模逐渐扩大,对食物、土地、贵重物品的需求开始影响人们的行为之后,战争和其他强制力量才真正发挥作用。早期国家的产生需要四个必要条件,即一定数量的人口和领土,足以保证剩余产品生产以供养脱离直接生产人员的经济方式,合法化的等级管理组织,解释社会—政治不平等现象的意识形态。
Chiefs are individuals with special social-political status. Chiefdom is a political system with a two-tier management structure. Early countries were three-tier, inter-regional socio-political organizations with centralized government in order to regulate complex social relations. From tour groups, villages, chiefdoms to early nations, socio-political organizations have shown increasingly complex structural changes. In the first human society, temporary leaders came into being in order to deal with all kinds of affairs. As the population grew and social issues became increasingly complicated, the forms of management inevitably changed, leading to chiefs, chiefdoms and early states. In this process, the production of surplus products has played an important role. War and other coercive forces really worked when the size of society expanded and the demand for food, land, and valuables began to affect people’s behavior. The creation of an early state required four prerequisites, a certain number of populations and territories, an economic method sufficient to guarantee the production of surplus goods to support the graduation from direct production, a legalized hierarchy of management organizations, an ideology to explain social-political inequalities .