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以往人们倾向于认为,宋朝统治者有鉴于唐末五代藩镇之乱,极力加强中央集权,强化了对人民的专制统治。相应地,与开放的盛唐相比,宋代社会也日趋保守,失去了活力。特别是由于统治者将程朱理学作为官民生活与行为的准则,宋代的社会生活风尚更是日显繁杂,甚至全面复古。同时,认为由落后的少数民族建立的辽、西夏、金朝,其社会生活更是逆转倒退的。
In the past, people tended to think that the Song rulers, in view of the chaos in their respective vassal states in the late Tang and Five Dynasties, tried their best to strengthen the centralization of power and strengthened their dictatorship over the people. Correspondingly, compared with the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the society in Song Dynasty became increasingly conservative and lost its vitality. Especially since the rulers adopted Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism as the guideline for the life and behavior of officials and civilians, the social life style in the Song Dynasty was even more complicated and even retro-oriented. In the meantime, the social life of Liao, Xixia and Jin dynasties established by backward ethnic minorities is even more reversed.