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Abstract [Objective] This study aimed to explore the pharmacognostical features of Brazilian ginseng （Pfaffia paniculata）， and to provide a theoretical basis for its development and utilization. [Method] Morphological traits of Brazilian ginseng root were observed with traditional methods. Then， the root， stem and leaf of Brazilian ginseng were sliced， and observed under a microscope. The physical and chemical properties of root extract were detected. [Result] Brazilian ginseng root is elongated and cylindrical， with obvious longitudinal ridges and sparse root marks， some irregularly shaped lenticels on the surface. The cork layer of crosssection has five or more rows of cork cells. The abnormal vascular bundles are arranged in two to three rings. There are two to three central vascular bundles. The wood fibers in powder are long， with one bifurcate end. The vessels have bordered pits. The sand crystals are scattered or in the parenchyma surrounding the fibers. The mucilage cells are oval and widely exist. Physical and chemical experiments showed that the root of Brazilian ginseng contains sterols or triterpenes and saponins. [Conclusion] The results will provide a theoretical basis for the pharmacological identification of Brazilian ginseng.
Key words Brazilian ginseng； Pharmacognosy； Microscopic identification
Received： September 15， 2017 Accepted： October 29， 2017
Supported by Science and Technology Research Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region （Gui Ke Gong 14124002111）； Highlevel Innovation Team and Outstanding Scholar Project of Guangxi Higher Education InstitutesZhuang Medicine Foundation and Clinical Innovation Team （Gui Jiao Ren 201407）； Key Laboratory Construction Project of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Zhuang Medicine Prescriptions Basis and Application Research （Gui Jiao Ke Yan [2016] No.6zyfy2016）.
Haicheng WEN （1979-）， female， P. R. China， master， lecturer， devoted to the research about the identification and quality evaluation of ethnic drugs and traditional Chinese medicines， Email： [email protected].
* Corresponding author. Email： [email protected].
Brazilian ginseng （Pfaffia paniculata）， which originated in South America， is a tonic， sedative， analgesic herb that is able to lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels， and has aphrodisiac， hormonal， tissuehealing and antiinflammatory effects. It is widely used for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system， central nervous system， reproductive system， digestive system， etc.[1-2]. The pharmacognostical features of Brazilian ginseng have not been reported so far. Therefore， in this study， the morphological traits of Brazilian ginseng roots were characterized with traditional methods， and its pharmacognostical features were illustrated via histological and microscopic examination. Materials and Methods
Materials
The Brazilian ginseng sample used in this study was collected from Brazil， and identified by Professor Mingsheng Lan as the root of Pfaffia paniculata in the family Amaranthaceae.
Instruments and reagents
Motic microscope and slicing machine and so on were the main instruments used in this experiment.
The reagents used in this experiment included dilute glycerol， FAA fixative， ethanol， aluminum trichloride， potassium mercuric iodide， picric acid， sodium chloride， gelatin， concentrated ammonia， potassium hydroxide， magnesium acetate， sodium hydroxide and iron trichloride.
Methods
The Brazilian ginseng samples were sliced into sections using a slicing machine and observed under a Motic biological microscope. The root， stem and leaf samples were dried， crushed and passed through a 60mesh sieve， made into pieces using a compressing machine by adding dilute glycerin， and observed under a Motic biological microscope.
Results and Analysis
Morphological traits
The Brazilian ginseng has elongated cylindrical roots， and their surface is grayish yellow or light brown. The roots are 12 to 45 cm long each， 0.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter， with longitudinal ridges and sparse root marks， some irregularly shaped lenticels （1 to 3 mm in diameter） on the surface， and two to three lateral roots at the lower part of the roots. The roots are hard and brittle and easy to break. The cross section is yellowish white， uneven and slightly cuticularized. The cortex is yellowish brown， and the xylem is yellowish white. In addition， the roots of Brazilian ginseng have a light smell and a sweet or slightly bitter taste （Fig. 1）.
Fig. 1 The picture of the root of Brazilian ginseng
Tissue structure
The cork layer of the cross section of Brazilian ginseng roots has five or more rows of cork cells. The cortex layer is thin， and has larger cells. Abnormal vascular bundles are arranged intermittently in two to three rings and collateral. The vascular bundles of the outer ring are small， consisting of only several vessels. The vascular bundles of the inner ring are large and clear. There are two to three central vascular bundles. Calcium oxalate crystals are present in most parenchyma cells （Fig. 2 and Fig. 3）.
1， Cork layer； 2， cortex layer； 3， abnormal vascular bundle； 4， mucilage cell； 5， central vascular bundle
Fig. 2 The cross section of the root of Brazilian ginseng 1， Cork layer； 2， cortex layer； 3， abnormal vascular bundle； 4， mucilage cell； 5， central vascular bundle
Fig. 3 The schematic drawing of the cross section of Brazilian ginseng root
Powder characteristics
The root powder is yellowish white. The wood fibers are long， with one bifurcate end. The fiber cells have slightly lignified walls， large cell cavity and simple pits. The vessels have bordered pits， which are 40-123 μm in diameter. The sand crystals are scattered or in the parenchyma surrounding the fibers. The mucilage cells are oval and widely exist. There are a few starch granules， which are oval or round in shape， and 11-28 μm in diameter. The compound starch granule is composed of 2 to 3 single starch granules （Fig. 4）.
1. vessel； 2. mucilage cell； 3. sand crystal； 4. starch granule； 5， fiber
Fig.4 The schematic drawing of Brazilian ginseng root powder
Physical and chemical properties
To identify the physical and chemical properties of Brazilian ginseng， 5 g of root powder was dissolved in 50 ml of methanol， extracted for 20 min by heating， and filtered immediately. Then， 1 ml of the filtrate was evaporated in a water bath， and the residue was dissolved in 1 ml of acetic acid， add with 1 ml of the mixture of acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid （19∶1） and mixed. The color of the mixture changed from yellow to red， purple， cyan and dark green， indicating that the root of Brazilian ginseng contains sterols or triterpenes.
After that， 5 g of the root powder was added to 70 ml of water and boiled for about 20 min， cooled and filtered. Then， 2 ml of the filtrate was transferred to a bottle， plugged and shaken vigor
（Continued on page 91）
Key words Brazilian ginseng； Pharmacognosy； Microscopic identification
Received： September 15， 2017 Accepted： October 29， 2017
Supported by Science and Technology Research Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region （Gui Ke Gong 14124002111）； Highlevel Innovation Team and Outstanding Scholar Project of Guangxi Higher Education InstitutesZhuang Medicine Foundation and Clinical Innovation Team （Gui Jiao Ren 201407）； Key Laboratory Construction Project of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for Zhuang Medicine Prescriptions Basis and Application Research （Gui Jiao Ke Yan [2016] No.6zyfy2016）.
Haicheng WEN （1979-）， female， P. R. China， master， lecturer， devoted to the research about the identification and quality evaluation of ethnic drugs and traditional Chinese medicines， Email： [email protected].
* Corresponding author. Email： [email protected].
Brazilian ginseng （Pfaffia paniculata）， which originated in South America， is a tonic， sedative， analgesic herb that is able to lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels， and has aphrodisiac， hormonal， tissuehealing and antiinflammatory effects. It is widely used for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system， central nervous system， reproductive system， digestive system， etc.[1-2]. The pharmacognostical features of Brazilian ginseng have not been reported so far. Therefore， in this study， the morphological traits of Brazilian ginseng roots were characterized with traditional methods， and its pharmacognostical features were illustrated via histological and microscopic examination. Materials and Methods
Materials
The Brazilian ginseng sample used in this study was collected from Brazil， and identified by Professor Mingsheng Lan as the root of Pfaffia paniculata in the family Amaranthaceae.
Instruments and reagents
Motic microscope and slicing machine and so on were the main instruments used in this experiment.
The reagents used in this experiment included dilute glycerol， FAA fixative， ethanol， aluminum trichloride， potassium mercuric iodide， picric acid， sodium chloride， gelatin， concentrated ammonia， potassium hydroxide， magnesium acetate， sodium hydroxide and iron trichloride.
Methods
The Brazilian ginseng samples were sliced into sections using a slicing machine and observed under a Motic biological microscope. The root， stem and leaf samples were dried， crushed and passed through a 60mesh sieve， made into pieces using a compressing machine by adding dilute glycerin， and observed under a Motic biological microscope.
Results and Analysis
Morphological traits
The Brazilian ginseng has elongated cylindrical roots， and their surface is grayish yellow or light brown. The roots are 12 to 45 cm long each， 0.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter， with longitudinal ridges and sparse root marks， some irregularly shaped lenticels （1 to 3 mm in diameter） on the surface， and two to three lateral roots at the lower part of the roots. The roots are hard and brittle and easy to break. The cross section is yellowish white， uneven and slightly cuticularized. The cortex is yellowish brown， and the xylem is yellowish white. In addition， the roots of Brazilian ginseng have a light smell and a sweet or slightly bitter taste （Fig. 1）.
Fig. 1 The picture of the root of Brazilian ginseng
Tissue structure
The cork layer of the cross section of Brazilian ginseng roots has five or more rows of cork cells. The cortex layer is thin， and has larger cells. Abnormal vascular bundles are arranged intermittently in two to three rings and collateral. The vascular bundles of the outer ring are small， consisting of only several vessels. The vascular bundles of the inner ring are large and clear. There are two to three central vascular bundles. Calcium oxalate crystals are present in most parenchyma cells （Fig. 2 and Fig. 3）.
1， Cork layer； 2， cortex layer； 3， abnormal vascular bundle； 4， mucilage cell； 5， central vascular bundle
Fig. 2 The cross section of the root of Brazilian ginseng 1， Cork layer； 2， cortex layer； 3， abnormal vascular bundle； 4， mucilage cell； 5， central vascular bundle
Fig. 3 The schematic drawing of the cross section of Brazilian ginseng root
Powder characteristics
The root powder is yellowish white. The wood fibers are long， with one bifurcate end. The fiber cells have slightly lignified walls， large cell cavity and simple pits. The vessels have bordered pits， which are 40-123 μm in diameter. The sand crystals are scattered or in the parenchyma surrounding the fibers. The mucilage cells are oval and widely exist. There are a few starch granules， which are oval or round in shape， and 11-28 μm in diameter. The compound starch granule is composed of 2 to 3 single starch granules （Fig. 4）.
1. vessel； 2. mucilage cell； 3. sand crystal； 4. starch granule； 5， fiber
Fig.4 The schematic drawing of Brazilian ginseng root powder
Physical and chemical properties
To identify the physical and chemical properties of Brazilian ginseng， 5 g of root powder was dissolved in 50 ml of methanol， extracted for 20 min by heating， and filtered immediately. Then， 1 ml of the filtrate was evaporated in a water bath， and the residue was dissolved in 1 ml of acetic acid， add with 1 ml of the mixture of acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid （19∶1） and mixed. The color of the mixture changed from yellow to red， purple， cyan and dark green， indicating that the root of Brazilian ginseng contains sterols or triterpenes.
After that， 5 g of the root powder was added to 70 ml of water and boiled for about 20 min， cooled and filtered. Then， 2 ml of the filtrate was transferred to a bottle， plugged and shaken vigor
（Continued on page 91）