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伴随着金融危机和中国跃升为世界制造业第一大国,我们重新评估了制造业对工业化国家的重要性。“新产业政策”为再工业化提供了支撑,与以往的选择性和干涉主义政策不同。该政策鼓励竞争,与社会需求相符,与创新、建立在竞争实力基础上的区域政策以及“作为中心议题的可持续性”相结合。环保标准不再被认为是竞争性制造业的障碍,而是绿色增长的动力。欧洲把增加能源效率、增加可再生能源比例以及降低排放确立为2020年以及2050年的首要目标,要求在采用新技术和二氧化碳价格每吨250欧元的基础上,将温室气体量削减80%到90%。由于新萃取技术的出现以及欧洲排放权交易的瓦解,该发展道路的阻力来源于过低的燃气价格(尤以美国为甚)。这就引发了人们对欧洲是否必须在防止碳泄露方面应对燃气价格过低问题,及其在借助新技术提高能源效率、降低碳排放方面能够坚持正视综合的、系统性的产业政策目标的疑问。通过消除技术方面的投资赤字、提高技能并努力获得能源效率和清洁技术方面的优势,“新产业政策”将与美国在能源方面的成本优势相匹敌。
With the financial crisis and China’s rise as the world’s largest manufacturing nation, we have reevaluated the importance of manufacturing to industrialized nations. “New Industry Policy ” provides support for re-industrialization, unlike previous selectivity and interventionist policies. The policy encourages competition, complies with social needs, and integrates innovation with regional policies based on competitiveness and “sustainability as a central issue”. Environmental standards are no longer seen as a barrier to competitive manufacturing, but as a motivation for green growth. Europe’s goal of increasing energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy sources and reducing emissions is set as the primary target for 2020 and 2050 by a reduction of 80% to 90% of greenhouse gas emissions on the basis of 250 euros per tonne of new technologies and carbon dioxide %. Resistance to this path of development stems from the low gas prices (especially in the United States) due to the advent of new extraction technologies and the collapse of European emissions trading. This raises questions about whether Europe must tackle the issue of low gas prices in the fight against carbon leakage and its ability to face up to comprehensive and systematic industrial policy goals in terms of using new technologies to increase energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. By “eliminating investment deficits in technology, improving skills and working toward energy efficiency and clean technologies,” New Industry Policy will rival the U.S. cost advantage in energy.