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WTO成员以公共健康为口号发起的贸易限制措施与各国在WTO下的贸易自由化的义务存在着冲突。GATT/WTO的有关规则和实践显示出多边贸易体制对国内公共健康政策的态度从“忽视”到“有条件肯定”的演变过程。具体来说,GATT时期的规则和争端解决实践不利于国内公共健康政策的实施,而WTO时期出现了有利于国内公共健康政策实施的变化。在WTO现行体制下,各国在实施为公共健康目标的贸易措施时,应符合特定目标的合法性、目标与手段的一致性、目标与手段的相称性等一般要求和相关的具体要求。
The trade restrictions initiated by WTO members under the slogan of public health conflict with the obligation of all countries to liberalize their trade under the WTO. Relevant rules and practices of GATT / WTO show that the MTS’s attitude toward domestic public health policies has evolved from “neglect” to “conditional affirmation.” Specifically, the GATT rules and dispute settlement practices are not conducive to the implementation of domestic public health policies, while changes in the WTO that are conducive to the implementation of domestic public health policies have emerged. Under the current WTO system, all countries should comply with the general requirements and relevant specific requirements of the legitimacy of specific objectives, the consistency of goals and measures, the proportionality of goals and means, and the like when implementing trade measures as public health goals.