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詞汇同现指的是在语篇中围绕某一特定话题的词汇有共同出现的倾向性(co-occurrence tendency)。如一篇谈论环境保护的文章,以下单词有可能共同出现:environment, pollute, car, rubbish, smoke,measure, tree等。词汇同现在同某一语篇中,构成了以某一话题为中心的词汇链,也有人称之为“语义场”或“词场”。
由此可知,词汇同现与语篇范围内存在一种密不可分的联系。在解答高考英语完形填空时,我们可以充分利用这种关联来提高解题能力。
但本文着重讨论用场景同现、修饰同现和结构同现来解答完形填空题。
一、场景同现
场景同现指围绕某一话题场景具有共同出现倾向性的词汇。语篇场景千变万化,包罗万象,解题时一定要抓住语言场境,综合考虑,排除干扰,才能得出正确答案。
[例1] In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids 41 “The Thinking Laboratory.”(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)
41. A. built B. entered C. decorated D. ran
解析:根据这两句话提供的场景(教学场景)可知,作者1973年正在教小学,每天学生们都要走进“思维实验室”,选项A和C与学生的身份不符合,选项D在与宾语的搭配上讲不通,即使在其后加上into, 也不符合常识,故选B项。
[例2]Years ago, a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever. I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast. While we were 36 , Kurt asked me, ...(2016年江苏卷)
36. A. working B. preparing
C. thinking D. eating
解析:根据前文(I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.)提供的就餐场景可知,36空应为:就餐或吃饭,故选D项。
[例3] The only hope was Balto, Kaasen’s lead dog, Balto put his nose to the ground, 52 to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. (2016年北京卷)
52. A. pretending B. trying
C. asking D. learning
解析:根据本句提供的雪撬犬寻路的场景可知,Balto应该是试图嗅出其他狗的气味,故选B项。
[例4] Just before September, Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm. I went to see him after he came back from 24 . (2016年全国III卷)
24. A. school B. vacation C. hospital D. training
解析:根据前后句提供的场景(队友出车祸后看望)可知,我在他出院后去看望他,故选C项。
二、修饰同现
修饰同现指某些存在固定修饰关系的词语共同出现在语篇当中,如在短语 a population of和a number of 中,修饰population和number,要用 large或small,而不能用 many或few。解题时,可根据中心词和修饰语之间这种常见的固定关系和具体语境来选择正确的答案。
[例1] When I was 50, my weight problem began to affect me 19 . I didn’t want to live the rest of my life with this extra weight any more. (2017年天津卷)
19. A. temporarily B. recently
C. seriously D. secretly
解析:affect通常和修饰语seriously, greatly和deeply连用,且根据语境和语意(我的肥胖问题严重地影响了我的健康),故选C项。
[例2]Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 , it also gave my kids the sweet taste of helping others. It’ll go a long way with them. (2015年全国I卷)
59. A. fear B. love C. need D. memory
解析:help sb in need是一个常见的表达,介词短语in need作后置定语修饰动词短语help sb中的宾语,根据上下文和本句语意“走出去不仅仅帮助了在危难中的兄弟,也让孩子们尝到了帮助别人的甜头”,故选C项。
[例3] 41 January 26, Billy and three other children had died. (2016年北京卷) 41. A. From B. On C. By D. After
解析:从题干来看,谓语动词为过去完成时,时间状语的介词只能用by, 因为四个选项中,只有“by 过去时间”才能修饰过去完成时,故选C项。
三、结构同现
结构同现指固定句型结构或成对出现的短语结构共同出现在语篇中。解题时,可根据固定句型结构或短语结构的某一部分来推知其整体。
常考的固定句型结构:
(1)it is 过去分词 that...
(2)it is 被强调部分 that...
(3)so/such...that... 如此……以致……
(4)hardly/scarcely...when... 一……就……
(5)was /were about to do ...when... 正要做某事,突然……
(6)was/were doing...when... 正在做某事,突然……
(7)It strikes/occurs to/hit sb. that... 某人突然想到……
(8)祈使句 and 陈述句 如果……,就会……
常考的成对短语结构有:
(1)some..., others...(still others)有些人……有些人……(还有一些人)
(2)on one hand..., on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面……
(3)the former..., the latter... 前者……后者……
(4)not only...but also... /not just...but... 不但……而且……
[例1]It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle. Experience is the best teacher.(2015年全国Ⅱ卷)
37.A. confused B. struck C. reminded D. warned
解析:考查“It strikes/struck sb. that...”句型,故选B项。
[例2]The most valuable lesson I gained from studying in France wasn’t just to respect the French people 39 to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away.(2013年浙江卷)
39. A. and B. but C. or D. so
解析:此题考查“not just...but...”结构,根据句意“不只是尊重法国人,而且要尊重所有的人”可知,应选B項。
[例3]Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes 52 you’re much less likely to make them again. (2013年安徽卷)
52. A. if B. and C. but D. before
解析:本题考查“祈使句 and 陈述句”结构。意思为“如果你放松心态,自嘲自己的错误,你再次犯错的可能性就会大大降低”。故选B项。
值得一提的是,结构同现和修饰同现往往是一些相对固定的表达形式,在考试中仅是偶尔出现。尽管如此,也不可忽略。
责任编辑 蒋小青
由此可知,词汇同现与语篇范围内存在一种密不可分的联系。在解答高考英语完形填空时,我们可以充分利用这种关联来提高解题能力。
但本文着重讨论用场景同现、修饰同现和结构同现来解答完形填空题。
一、场景同现
场景同现指围绕某一话题场景具有共同出现倾向性的词汇。语篇场景千变万化,包罗万象,解题时一定要抓住语言场境,综合考虑,排除干扰,才能得出正确答案。
[例1] In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids 41 “The Thinking Laboratory.”(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)
41. A. built B. entered C. decorated D. ran
解析:根据这两句话提供的场景(教学场景)可知,作者1973年正在教小学,每天学生们都要走进“思维实验室”,选项A和C与学生的身份不符合,选项D在与宾语的搭配上讲不通,即使在其后加上into, 也不符合常识,故选B项。
[例2]Years ago, a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever. I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast. While we were 36 , Kurt asked me, ...(2016年江苏卷)
36. A. working B. preparing
C. thinking D. eating
解析:根据前文(I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.)提供的就餐场景可知,36空应为:就餐或吃饭,故选D项。
[例3] The only hope was Balto, Kaasen’s lead dog, Balto put his nose to the ground, 52 to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. (2016年北京卷)
52. A. pretending B. trying
C. asking D. learning
解析:根据本句提供的雪撬犬寻路的场景可知,Balto应该是试图嗅出其他狗的气味,故选B项。
[例4] Just before September, Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm. I went to see him after he came back from 24 . (2016年全国III卷)
24. A. school B. vacation C. hospital D. training
解析:根据前后句提供的场景(队友出车祸后看望)可知,我在他出院后去看望他,故选C项。
二、修饰同现
修饰同现指某些存在固定修饰关系的词语共同出现在语篇当中,如在短语 a population of和a number of 中,修饰population和number,要用 large或small,而不能用 many或few。解题时,可根据中心词和修饰语之间这种常见的固定关系和具体语境来选择正确的答案。
[例1] When I was 50, my weight problem began to affect me 19 . I didn’t want to live the rest of my life with this extra weight any more. (2017年天津卷)
19. A. temporarily B. recently
C. seriously D. secretly
解析:affect通常和修饰语seriously, greatly和deeply连用,且根据语境和语意(我的肥胖问题严重地影响了我的健康),故选C项。
[例2]Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 , it also gave my kids the sweet taste of helping others. It’ll go a long way with them. (2015年全国I卷)
59. A. fear B. love C. need D. memory
解析:help sb in need是一个常见的表达,介词短语in need作后置定语修饰动词短语help sb中的宾语,根据上下文和本句语意“走出去不仅仅帮助了在危难中的兄弟,也让孩子们尝到了帮助别人的甜头”,故选C项。
[例3] 41 January 26, Billy and three other children had died. (2016年北京卷) 41. A. From B. On C. By D. After
解析:从题干来看,谓语动词为过去完成时,时间状语的介词只能用by, 因为四个选项中,只有“by 过去时间”才能修饰过去完成时,故选C项。
三、结构同现
结构同现指固定句型结构或成对出现的短语结构共同出现在语篇中。解题时,可根据固定句型结构或短语结构的某一部分来推知其整体。
常考的固定句型结构:
(1)it is 过去分词 that...
(2)it is 被强调部分 that...
(3)so/such...that... 如此……以致……
(4)hardly/scarcely...when... 一……就……
(5)was /were about to do ...when... 正要做某事,突然……
(6)was/were doing...when... 正在做某事,突然……
(7)It strikes/occurs to/hit sb. that... 某人突然想到……
(8)祈使句 and 陈述句 如果……,就会……
常考的成对短语结构有:
(1)some..., others...(still others)有些人……有些人……(还有一些人)
(2)on one hand..., on the other hand... 一方面……另一方面……
(3)the former..., the latter... 前者……后者……
(4)not only...but also... /not just...but... 不但……而且……
[例1]It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team. I think it is a general principle. Experience is the best teacher.(2015年全国Ⅱ卷)
37.A. confused B. struck C. reminded D. warned
解析:考查“It strikes/struck sb. that...”句型,故选B项。
[例2]The most valuable lesson I gained from studying in France wasn’t just to respect the French people 39 to respect all people, for your next best friend could be just a continent away.(2013年浙江卷)
39. A. and B. but C. or D. so
解析:此题考查“not just...but...”结构,根据句意“不只是尊重法国人,而且要尊重所有的人”可知,应选B項。
[例3]Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes 52 you’re much less likely to make them again. (2013年安徽卷)
52. A. if B. and C. but D. before
解析:本题考查“祈使句 and 陈述句”结构。意思为“如果你放松心态,自嘲自己的错误,你再次犯错的可能性就会大大降低”。故选B项。
值得一提的是,结构同现和修饰同现往往是一些相对固定的表达形式,在考试中仅是偶尔出现。尽管如此,也不可忽略。
责任编辑 蒋小青