大国之科技,必分层次。从资源组合、运作机制和功能效果等多维度上看,复杂的国家科技系统其活动和发展,从低到高有六个特征化的层次:个体层次、团队层次(如学派、班组、研究或创业团队等)、独立机构层次(如企业、研究院、大学、学会等)、机构组合层次(包括企业集团、行业整体、科技产业群、一体化的区域科技经济)、国家战略层次,以及国际化层次。科技发展在每个层次上都有它自律性的层次特点,各层次在要素、环境、结 The science and technology of a big country must be stratified. From the multi-dimensional perspectives of resource combination, operational mechanism and functional effect, complex national S & T systems have six characteristic levels from low to high: individual level, team level (such as school, team, research or Entrepreneurship team, etc.), independent organization level (such as enterprises, research institutes, universities, societies, etc.), organizational portfolio level (including enterprise groups, industry as a whole, technology industry group, integrated regional science and technology economy), national strategic level, Hierarchy. At every level, the development of science and technology has its own characteristic of self-discipline. Each level has the characteristics of elements, environment and knots