放射性脑损伤是头颈部肿瘤放疗后产生的神经系统损伤，其发病机制尚不清楚。目前的假说中提示免疫细胞在其中发挥重要作用，中枢神经系统中小胶质细胞过度激活及外周免疫细胞迁移入脑协同促进放射性脑损伤的发生发展。本文就放射性脑损伤中所涉及免疫相关机制方面做一综述。“,”Radiation-induced brain injury is a neurological injury caused by radiation therapy of head and neck tumors. The pathogenesis is still unclear. It is hypothesized that immune cells play an important role in radiation-induced brain injury. The excessive activation of microglia in the central nervous system and the migration of peripheral immune cells into the brain collectively promote the incidence and development of radiation-induced brain injury. In this article, the immunological mechanism underlying the radiation-induced brain injury was reviewed.