近年来,随着油气资源增长的需求和勘探理论方法的深入,深达5 000~8 000 m深层、超深层碎屑岩储层日益成为油气勘探的新领域。20世纪70年代末以来,我国对深层、超深层碎屑岩储层的研究已经开展了几十年,取得了一系列重大发现。在我国典型盆地大地构造背景和沉积环境影响下,深层、超深层碎屑岩储层经历了长期的埋藏、压实和溶蚀等作用,通常物性较好而形成有效储层。因此,有效储层形成的主控因素成为深层、超深层碎屑岩领域研究关注的焦点。研究发现:1深部溶蚀作用是深层、超深层碎屑岩有效储层形成的普遍机理,主要通过有机质成熟产生的有机酸和无机酸等对粒间碳酸盐胶结物和长石、岩屑等易溶组分的溶蚀,从而形成次生孔隙。2地温梯度越低,成岩强度越弱,砂岩孔隙度衰减速率越慢;早期长期浅埋、晚期快速深埋的过程能够有效保存原生孔隙。3异常压力能够延缓岩石受到的压实作用,抑制有机酸排出而有利于深层、超深层储层形成次生孔隙。4膏盐层会延缓成岩作用进程,形成物性和压力双重封闭,有利于膏盐层下砂岩孔隙的保存。5黏土膜如绿泥石黏土膜等,对深层、超深层碎屑岩储层高孔隙度的保存具有重要贡献。6成岩压实作用、早期烃类充注及碎屑颗粒成分等因素也会对有效储层的形成产生影响。对深层、超深层储层油气地质研究,要立足于陆上,加强海洋特别是深水区域油气勘探工作,同时要进一步加强油气地质勘探理论和勘探技术的创新。 In recent years, ultra-deep clastic rock reservoirs have increasingly become new areas for oil and gas exploration with the increasing demand for oil and gas resources and the exploration of theoretical methods. Since the late 1970s, the research on deep and ultra-deep clastic rock reservoirs in China has been carried out for several decades and a series of major discoveries have been made. Under the background of tectonic setting and sedimentary environment of the typical basin in China, the deep and ultra-deep clastic rock reservoirs have undergone a long period of burial, compaction and dissolution, and generally have good physical properties and form effective reservoirs. Therefore, the main controlling factors for the formation of effective reservoirs have become the focus of research in the deep and ultra-deep clastic rocks. The results show that: 1 deep dissolution is a common mechanism of the formation of effective reservoirs in deep and ultra-deep clastic rocks, mainly through intergranular carbonate cements and feldspar, cuttings and other organic acids and inorganic acids Erosion of the soluble components, forming secondary pores. 2 The lower the geothermal gradient, the weaker the diagenetic intensity, the slower the porosity attenuation rate of the sandstone; the early long-term shallow burial and the late rapid deep burial process can effectively preserve the primary porosity. 3 Abnormal pressure can delay the compaction of the rock, inhibit the discharge of organic acids and promote the formation of secondary pores in the ultra-deep reservoirs. The gypsum salt layer delays the process of diagenesis and forms a double seal of physical properties and pressure, which is beneficial to the preservation of sandstone pores under the gypsum salt layer. 5 clay film, such as chlorite clay film, is an important contribution to the preservation of high porosity of deep and ultra-deep clastic rock reservoirs. Factors such as diagenetic compaction, early hydrocarbon charge and detrital particle composition can also affect the formation of effective reservoirs. To study the oil and gas geology of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, we must base ourselves on the land and strengthen the exploration for oil and gas in the oceans, especially in deep-water areas. At the same time, we must further strengthen the exploration of oil and gas geology and exploration technology.