论文部分内容阅读
[摘要] 本文将结合一次辩论赛的前前后后,阐述一种有效的英语口语突破模式。即让学生通过辩论赛前的积极准备,辩论中即兴的有效攻击和反击,辩论赛后的总结和提高,从而达到英语口语突破,提高口语表达能力。
[关键词] 训练 辩论 口语突破
一.前言
新课标对高中学生口语能力作了详细的规定,其中八级的目标是:能在交流中使用恰当的语调,语气和节奏表达个人的意图和情感等;能根据学习任务进行商讨和制定计划;能报告任务和项目完成的过程和结果;能经过准备就一般话题做3分钟演讲;能在日常人际交往中有效地使用语言进行表达,例如:发表意见,进行判断,责备或投诉等。
我任教重点中学已有十余年,发现大部分学生上课时能用英语回答问题,经过准备也能用英语作一些介绍甚至演讲。可是要做到在没有准备的情况下流利地回答问题,有思想,语言流畅,思维敏捷,合作商讨完成任务就非常困难。
经过几年的实践,本人不断探索和尝试一种有效的口语突破模式:辩论赛,来快速提高学生的口语表达能力。以下是我让学生备战并进行辩论赛的部分案例,原与各位同仁分享。
二.“辩论赛”突破口语能力的前提
辩论是任务型语言教学中的一种高级任务。它要遵循一些基本原则。正如David Nunan 所总结的。(1)言语,情境,真实性原则(authenticity principle)。也就是说任务的设计要提供给学习者明确的真实的语言信息,使学习者在一种自然,真实或模拟真实的情境中体会语言,掌握语言的应用。任务的设计要与学生的实际生活结合起来。换句话说,辩题的适宜程度直接关系到辩论赛的成功。(2)任务相依性原则(task dependency principle)。任务的设计由简到繁,由易到难,层层深入,并形成由初级任务向高级任务以及高级任务涵盖初级任务的循环。任务犹如阶梯,相互依存,级级升高。学生由平时简单的任务突然升高到复杂的辩论赛,如何能适应,如何辩得起来,这是一大难题,只有通过充分的准备,预热,才能进入辩论状态。(3)在做中学原则(learning by doing)。Long 和Crookes(1993)认为,任务型语言教学把学习语言看作势做中学的过程-------学习者通过有意义地使用语言来发展自己的语言系统。辩论赛能使大量学生参与其中,通过查资料,准备,参加辩论来学到很多东西。(4)脚手架原则(scaffolding)。要给学生足够的关注和支持,就像建筑楼房的脚手架一样,要让学生在初学时感觉到成功和安全。大人教小孩子走路时,不可能期待孩子一开始就走得非常好,大人总是牵手让孩子走一段时间,才能放手让孩子自己走。在辩论赛前,要提供给学生足够的内容,形式的支持。
三.辩论赛突破中学生口语模式
(一)充分准备
我给学生准备了一个模仿对象:一个辩论赛实例:We Should(not) Celebrate western Festivals
(1).发给学生一些资料,使他们了解辩论赛的规则和流程。
(2).给学生观看这个辩论赛的录像,录像中的唇枪舌战看得他们热血沸腾,恨不得自己也参加进去。录像使他们有了情绪上的准备。
(3)为他们准备主持人的常用话语,辩手的辩词和攻击,反击的常用语,使他们作好了语言上的准备。
(4) 给出辩题Can women achieve anything as men? 并把学生分成男女两组,每组选出4位辩手,2位裁判,6位群众辩手,一位主持人,并分工。所有人员去分头准备材料,作辩论的坚强后盾。
(二)一场具体的辩论赛案例:
Topic: Can women achieve anything as men?
1. Aims:
(1) To encourage students to open their mouths in class .
(2) To change their studying in a passive way into an active way.
(3) To improve their skills in English speaking especially to develop their rebuttal capabilities in English.
(4) To help students to build up the sense of cooperation and learn by themselves out of class.
2. Place: classroom
Debater: class 3 senior 2
Chairman: Wang Ruya
List of Debaters:
Debaters Pros Cons
1 Jiang Anqi Ye Hanxuan
2 Chen Xiaoqi Lin Tian
3 Xie Ningning Fan Yusheng
4 Chen Qiuyang Zhao Yixing
Judges: Wang Yang ,Xu Gaojing , Hu Luoning , Zhang Qi
3. Procedures:
Chairman: Good afternoon, everyone! I’m honored to be nominated the monitor for today’s debating contest. Firstly, I have the great privilege of presenting today’s judges for this Debate Contest. …… Jiang Anqi(positive): Honorable judges, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, in our opinion, women can achieve all that men can achieve. First, women are as intelligent as men Second, in the modern world, women have lots of chances to get education and achieve dreams. Third, the reason why the number of successful women are less than men is not the intelligent difference but the unequal society. Women are supposed to pay more attention to family rather than career while men just concentrate on their work. Besides, women will face more difficulty in getting a top job or trying to get further education. ……
Chairman: Good, The “Negative” leader, Ye Hanxuan, please state your opinion.
Ye Hanxuan(negative): Ladies and gentlemen ,in our opinion, women can’t achieve anything as men. First, physically, men are stronger than girls. We run faster than women, have more strength than women and do better in making a living. Second, at school, from primary school to college, it’s usually believed that boys are cleverer than girls. Girls are good at memorizing and language study, while boys are better in thinking and problem solving. It’s clear that, in this top class in Wen Ling High school, there are more boys than girls. Third, men are more successful in career. In offices, most leaders are men, and in all the countries in the world, most presidents and kings are men. In academic area, most famous scientists are men. No one is as good as Albert Einstein. So , women can’t achieve anything as men.
Chairman: Well, now, there are two different opinions. Now it’s time for the two sides to ask questions each other freely.
Chen Xiaoqi(positive): As Ye Hanxuan said just now, boys are cleverer than girls. Is that so? It is recently reported by scientists in America that girls are as clever as boys. What’s more, in college, more girls (about 60%) are achieving higher degrees. And in our class, Jiang Anqi , a girl, got the first place in past examination.
Lin Tian(negative): I just ask two questions. First, in our class, who can run as fast as I? Who? Stand up. Second, in ancient and modern society , can you give an example, is there a woman as good as Leonardo da Vinci or Albert Einstein?
Xie Ningning(positive): We are not talking about something physically. If so, which man can bear a baby?
Fan Yusheng(negative): Without men, is it possible for a woman to bear a baby?
Chairman: Stop. We are not talking about something physically. Now , go on. Chen Qiuyang(positive): There are fewer successful women in society, because women were not equally treated in the past. Girls were not allowed to attend school, and they were not allowed to work in society. They have to do house work and take care of children at home. If they had been treated equally, there would have been more women scientists and successful women in the past and nowadays.
Lin Tian(negative): Ok, let’s talk about famous persons in modern society. Can you find a woman as great as Yuan Longping? He helped produce 30% more rice and feed so many people in China. Can you find a woman as rich as Bill Gates? Or can you find a woman as great as Deng Xiaoping?
……
(In each group, more students take an active part in this debate, they’re excited, they can’t help stating because they want their group win. In this time, they’re very active.)
Chairman: We are unexpected that you debate so excitedly. How time flies! Now it’s time for both sides to conclude your opinions.
Chen Qiuyang(positive):……
Zhao Yixing(negative): ……
Chairman: After a heated debate, the result comes out that the winner is the “negative” and Chen Qiuyang is the best debater, congratulations.
(三) 辩论赛后的总结和输入
辩论赛后好久,学生们还处于紧张状态之中。他们进行了及时的总结,发现不足之处。学到用时方知少,他们发现自己积累非常不够,拿到一个主题,在没有准备的情况下进行谈论,滔滔不绝地说点什么的可能性接近于零。大量的语言输入是非常有必要的。21世纪报每期的第三版有针对时事焦点的辩论实例,材料由中学生编写,句型观点都写得非常不错,是语言输入极好的资料。每期的辩论材料我都与学生共同欣赏,划出可供学习的句型,剪报积累,并给时间熟读背诵。
随着语言的不停输入和经常举行的辩论赛,学生的积极性得到了极大的发挥,越来越多的学生参与到活动中来,口语水平得到了极大的提高。其中王儒雅,谢宁宁同学在2012年浙江省体验西澳口语比赛中获一等奖。
四.辩论赛突破中学生口语模式剖析
(一)组织成功辩论赛的策略:
1.科学的选题
2.到位的预热和指导
3.充裕的准备时间
4.明确的分工
5.公正的评委制度
6.合理的评价尺度
(二)开展英语辩论赛,全面提高学生的综合素质
辩论赛的重点就为一个“辩”字。从本质上讲,辩论是一种训练活动,它提供给学生们培养自己的写作、思维、阅读、演讲和倾听方面的高度熟练能力的机会。
1.运用外语思维,增强语言使用能力
英语辩论赛要求学生用英语把本方的观点说得有逻辑,有道理。这就要求学生迅速用英语进行思维,增强了英语思维和使用能力。
2.高度集中注意力,增强批判性倾听能力
学生在辩论赛过程中,精神高度紧张,认真倾听对方,利用对方的弱点或破绽进行反击,使之转化为对自己有利的因素。这极大地锻炼了学生的批判性倾听能力。
3.多角度分析,提高思维能力。
在辩论赛准备和进行过程中,学生不得不多角度思考问题,对问题进行深刻的剖析。他们思维的多面性,逻辑性和敏捷性得到了提高。
4.整合各类资料,完备知识结构。
俗话说“台上一分钟,台下十年功”。为了赢得辩论赛,学生们搜集各种资料,归纳整理各个同学查到的资料。通过不同辩题的准备,学生们的知识更加丰富。
5.撰写各类手稿,培养写作的熟练程度。
表面上看,辩论是一种口头争论,而大多的辩词和观点,论据都是事先写好的,而且是通过多次写作和修改的。因此,辩论赛也是培养学生熟练的写作能力的有效途径。
结束语
总之,辩论赛这种活动大大增加了语言的输入输出,学生们分头去查找不同的资料,并且与同伴分享这些资料,综合地运用语言,并将以前学过的语言重新组合,创造性地使用语言,语言活动量得以成倍地增长,语言能力得到逐步发展。
辩论赛是一种有效的口语训练形式,有助于突破口语能力,在培养,提高高中学生口语能力方面起着有效的作用。
[关键词] 训练 辩论 口语突破
一.前言
新课标对高中学生口语能力作了详细的规定,其中八级的目标是:能在交流中使用恰当的语调,语气和节奏表达个人的意图和情感等;能根据学习任务进行商讨和制定计划;能报告任务和项目完成的过程和结果;能经过准备就一般话题做3分钟演讲;能在日常人际交往中有效地使用语言进行表达,例如:发表意见,进行判断,责备或投诉等。
我任教重点中学已有十余年,发现大部分学生上课时能用英语回答问题,经过准备也能用英语作一些介绍甚至演讲。可是要做到在没有准备的情况下流利地回答问题,有思想,语言流畅,思维敏捷,合作商讨完成任务就非常困难。
经过几年的实践,本人不断探索和尝试一种有效的口语突破模式:辩论赛,来快速提高学生的口语表达能力。以下是我让学生备战并进行辩论赛的部分案例,原与各位同仁分享。
二.“辩论赛”突破口语能力的前提
辩论是任务型语言教学中的一种高级任务。它要遵循一些基本原则。正如David Nunan 所总结的。(1)言语,情境,真实性原则(authenticity principle)。也就是说任务的设计要提供给学习者明确的真实的语言信息,使学习者在一种自然,真实或模拟真实的情境中体会语言,掌握语言的应用。任务的设计要与学生的实际生活结合起来。换句话说,辩题的适宜程度直接关系到辩论赛的成功。(2)任务相依性原则(task dependency principle)。任务的设计由简到繁,由易到难,层层深入,并形成由初级任务向高级任务以及高级任务涵盖初级任务的循环。任务犹如阶梯,相互依存,级级升高。学生由平时简单的任务突然升高到复杂的辩论赛,如何能适应,如何辩得起来,这是一大难题,只有通过充分的准备,预热,才能进入辩论状态。(3)在做中学原则(learning by doing)。Long 和Crookes(1993)认为,任务型语言教学把学习语言看作势做中学的过程-------学习者通过有意义地使用语言来发展自己的语言系统。辩论赛能使大量学生参与其中,通过查资料,准备,参加辩论来学到很多东西。(4)脚手架原则(scaffolding)。要给学生足够的关注和支持,就像建筑楼房的脚手架一样,要让学生在初学时感觉到成功和安全。大人教小孩子走路时,不可能期待孩子一开始就走得非常好,大人总是牵手让孩子走一段时间,才能放手让孩子自己走。在辩论赛前,要提供给学生足够的内容,形式的支持。
三.辩论赛突破中学生口语模式
(一)充分准备
我给学生准备了一个模仿对象:一个辩论赛实例:We Should(not) Celebrate western Festivals
(1).发给学生一些资料,使他们了解辩论赛的规则和流程。
(2).给学生观看这个辩论赛的录像,录像中的唇枪舌战看得他们热血沸腾,恨不得自己也参加进去。录像使他们有了情绪上的准备。
(3)为他们准备主持人的常用话语,辩手的辩词和攻击,反击的常用语,使他们作好了语言上的准备。
(4) 给出辩题Can women achieve anything as men? 并把学生分成男女两组,每组选出4位辩手,2位裁判,6位群众辩手,一位主持人,并分工。所有人员去分头准备材料,作辩论的坚强后盾。
(二)一场具体的辩论赛案例:
Topic: Can women achieve anything as men?
1. Aims:
(1) To encourage students to open their mouths in class .
(2) To change their studying in a passive way into an active way.
(3) To improve their skills in English speaking especially to develop their rebuttal capabilities in English.
(4) To help students to build up the sense of cooperation and learn by themselves out of class.
2. Place: classroom
Debater: class 3 senior 2
Chairman: Wang Ruya
List of Debaters:
Debaters Pros Cons
1 Jiang Anqi Ye Hanxuan
2 Chen Xiaoqi Lin Tian
3 Xie Ningning Fan Yusheng
4 Chen Qiuyang Zhao Yixing
Judges: Wang Yang ,Xu Gaojing , Hu Luoning , Zhang Qi
3. Procedures:
Chairman: Good afternoon, everyone! I’m honored to be nominated the monitor for today’s debating contest. Firstly, I have the great privilege of presenting today’s judges for this Debate Contest. …… Jiang Anqi(positive): Honorable judges, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, in our opinion, women can achieve all that men can achieve. First, women are as intelligent as men Second, in the modern world, women have lots of chances to get education and achieve dreams. Third, the reason why the number of successful women are less than men is not the intelligent difference but the unequal society. Women are supposed to pay more attention to family rather than career while men just concentrate on their work. Besides, women will face more difficulty in getting a top job or trying to get further education. ……
Chairman: Good, The “Negative” leader, Ye Hanxuan, please state your opinion.
Ye Hanxuan(negative): Ladies and gentlemen ,in our opinion, women can’t achieve anything as men. First, physically, men are stronger than girls. We run faster than women, have more strength than women and do better in making a living. Second, at school, from primary school to college, it’s usually believed that boys are cleverer than girls. Girls are good at memorizing and language study, while boys are better in thinking and problem solving. It’s clear that, in this top class in Wen Ling High school, there are more boys than girls. Third, men are more successful in career. In offices, most leaders are men, and in all the countries in the world, most presidents and kings are men. In academic area, most famous scientists are men. No one is as good as Albert Einstein. So , women can’t achieve anything as men.
Chairman: Well, now, there are two different opinions. Now it’s time for the two sides to ask questions each other freely.
Chen Xiaoqi(positive): As Ye Hanxuan said just now, boys are cleverer than girls. Is that so? It is recently reported by scientists in America that girls are as clever as boys. What’s more, in college, more girls (about 60%) are achieving higher degrees. And in our class, Jiang Anqi , a girl, got the first place in past examination.
Lin Tian(negative): I just ask two questions. First, in our class, who can run as fast as I? Who? Stand up. Second, in ancient and modern society , can you give an example, is there a woman as good as Leonardo da Vinci or Albert Einstein?
Xie Ningning(positive): We are not talking about something physically. If so, which man can bear a baby?
Fan Yusheng(negative): Without men, is it possible for a woman to bear a baby?
Chairman: Stop. We are not talking about something physically. Now , go on. Chen Qiuyang(positive): There are fewer successful women in society, because women were not equally treated in the past. Girls were not allowed to attend school, and they were not allowed to work in society. They have to do house work and take care of children at home. If they had been treated equally, there would have been more women scientists and successful women in the past and nowadays.
Lin Tian(negative): Ok, let’s talk about famous persons in modern society. Can you find a woman as great as Yuan Longping? He helped produce 30% more rice and feed so many people in China. Can you find a woman as rich as Bill Gates? Or can you find a woman as great as Deng Xiaoping?
……
(In each group, more students take an active part in this debate, they’re excited, they can’t help stating because they want their group win. In this time, they’re very active.)
Chairman: We are unexpected that you debate so excitedly. How time flies! Now it’s time for both sides to conclude your opinions.
Chen Qiuyang(positive):……
Zhao Yixing(negative): ……
Chairman: After a heated debate, the result comes out that the winner is the “negative” and Chen Qiuyang is the best debater, congratulations.
(三) 辩论赛后的总结和输入
辩论赛后好久,学生们还处于紧张状态之中。他们进行了及时的总结,发现不足之处。学到用时方知少,他们发现自己积累非常不够,拿到一个主题,在没有准备的情况下进行谈论,滔滔不绝地说点什么的可能性接近于零。大量的语言输入是非常有必要的。21世纪报每期的第三版有针对时事焦点的辩论实例,材料由中学生编写,句型观点都写得非常不错,是语言输入极好的资料。每期的辩论材料我都与学生共同欣赏,划出可供学习的句型,剪报积累,并给时间熟读背诵。
随着语言的不停输入和经常举行的辩论赛,学生的积极性得到了极大的发挥,越来越多的学生参与到活动中来,口语水平得到了极大的提高。其中王儒雅,谢宁宁同学在2012年浙江省体验西澳口语比赛中获一等奖。
四.辩论赛突破中学生口语模式剖析
(一)组织成功辩论赛的策略:
1.科学的选题
2.到位的预热和指导
3.充裕的准备时间
4.明确的分工
5.公正的评委制度
6.合理的评价尺度
(二)开展英语辩论赛,全面提高学生的综合素质
辩论赛的重点就为一个“辩”字。从本质上讲,辩论是一种训练活动,它提供给学生们培养自己的写作、思维、阅读、演讲和倾听方面的高度熟练能力的机会。
1.运用外语思维,增强语言使用能力
英语辩论赛要求学生用英语把本方的观点说得有逻辑,有道理。这就要求学生迅速用英语进行思维,增强了英语思维和使用能力。
2.高度集中注意力,增强批判性倾听能力
学生在辩论赛过程中,精神高度紧张,认真倾听对方,利用对方的弱点或破绽进行反击,使之转化为对自己有利的因素。这极大地锻炼了学生的批判性倾听能力。
3.多角度分析,提高思维能力。
在辩论赛准备和进行过程中,学生不得不多角度思考问题,对问题进行深刻的剖析。他们思维的多面性,逻辑性和敏捷性得到了提高。
4.整合各类资料,完备知识结构。
俗话说“台上一分钟,台下十年功”。为了赢得辩论赛,学生们搜集各种资料,归纳整理各个同学查到的资料。通过不同辩题的准备,学生们的知识更加丰富。
5.撰写各类手稿,培养写作的熟练程度。
表面上看,辩论是一种口头争论,而大多的辩词和观点,论据都是事先写好的,而且是通过多次写作和修改的。因此,辩论赛也是培养学生熟练的写作能力的有效途径。
结束语
总之,辩论赛这种活动大大增加了语言的输入输出,学生们分头去查找不同的资料,并且与同伴分享这些资料,综合地运用语言,并将以前学过的语言重新组合,创造性地使用语言,语言活动量得以成倍地增长,语言能力得到逐步发展。
辩论赛是一种有效的口语训练形式,有助于突破口语能力,在培养,提高高中学生口语能力方面起着有效的作用。