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目的掌握电焊作业场所职业病危害因素接触情况,为电焊工人职业安全提出针对性的防护措施。方法采取现场职业卫生学调查、个体采样及现场检测(检测电焊作业场所中二氧化锰、电焊烟尘浓度,噪声强度)的方法。结果宝鸡市渭滨区20余户企业106个工作场所中的二氧化锰浓度最高值为1.20mg/m~3,最高值超过标准7倍。低值为0.001mg/m~3,平均值为0.13mg/m~3;合格82个点,点合格率为77.4%。121个工作场所中电焊烟尘浓度最高值为15.3 mg/m~3,最高值超过标准2.83倍。最低值为0.19 mg/m~3,平均值为3.25 mg/m~3;合格87个点,点合格率为71.9%。97个工作场所中的噪声强度最高值为103.6 dB(A),最高值超过标准值18.6 dB(A)。最低值为66.5 dB(A),平均值为85.66 dB(A),合格63个点,点合格率为64.95%。二氧化锰接触水平自动焊接低于手工作业焊接点,手把焊接岗位工人的接触水平最高,其后依次为埋弧焊、二氧化碳保护焊、高频焊,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);汽车制造行业电焊烟尘的接触水平最高,其次是专用设备制造业,电气制造业最低(P<0.05);不同焊接工艺种类电焊烟尘接触水平依次为手把焊接、埋弧焊、二氧化碳保护焊、高频焊及氩弧焊,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);电焊烟尘接触水平与车间整体通风好坏及有无局部通风有关(P<0.01,P<0.05);大企业焊接场所的噪声强度低于中小企业(P<0.05)。结论电焊作业场所中二氧化锰、电焊烟尘、噪声等职业病危害因素的合格率低,职业病危害明显。局部通风对减低电焊烟尘暴露水平具有统计学意义。
Objective To understand the exposure of occupational hazards in welding workplaces and put forward targeted protective measures for the occupational safety of welders. Methods The method of on-site occupational hygiene investigation, individual sampling and on-site testing (detection of manganese dioxide in welding work place, concentration of welding fume and dust, noise intensity) was adopted. Results The highest concentration of manganese dioxide in 106 workplaces of more than 20 households in Weibin District of Baoji City was 1.20mg / m ~ 3 and the highest value exceeded 7 times of the standard. Low value of 0.001mg / m ~ 3, the average value of 0.13mg / m ~ 3; qualified 82 points, the point of pass rate was 77.4%. The highest concentration of welding dust and dust in 121 workplaces was 15.3 mg / m ~ 3, the highest value exceeded the standard 2.83 times. The lowest value was 0.19 mg / m ~ 3, the average value was 3.25 mg / m ~ 3; 87 points passed, the passing rate was 71.9%. The highest noise level in the 97 workplaces was 103.6 dB (A) and the highest value exceeded the standard value of 18.6 dB (A). The minimum value is 66.5 dB (A), the average is 85.66 dB (A), 63 passes, and the pass rate is 64.95%. The contact level of manganese dioxide is lower than that of manual welding and the highest level of contact of workers in welding position. Followed by submerged arc welding, carbon dioxide welding and high frequency welding, the difference is statistically significant (P <0.01) ; Welding fume and dust in automobile manufacturing industry had the highest contact level, followed by special equipment manufacturing industry with the lowest in electrical manufacturing industry (P <0.05); the welding dust and dust exposure levels in different types of welding process were hand welding, submerged arc welding, carbon dioxide welding, High frequency welding and argon arc welding, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05); welding dust and dust exposure level and the overall workshop ventilation is good or bad with or without local ventilation (P <0.01, P <0.05); large enterprises welding place Noise intensity is lower than that of SMEs (P <0.05). Conclusion Welding work places manganese dioxide, welding fumes, noise and other occupational hazards of the pass rate is low, occupational hazards significantly. Local ventilation to reduce the level of exposure to welding fumes was statistically significant.