论文部分内容阅读
摘 要 在大学英语学习中，阅读理解是很重要的内容，在全国大学英语四、六级考试中，在研究生入学考试中均占有较高的比例，本文阐述了学生做阅读理解题时遇到的困惑与问题，并指出解决的办法。
关键词 大学英语 阅读理解 技能
中图分类号：G424 文献标识码：A
在大学英语学习中阅读理解是很重要的内容，在各种考试中，如大学生英语四、六级考试，研究生入学考试等，阅读理解都占有较重的比例。提高阅读理解水平与答题技能对学生来说是至关重要的。然而许多学生虽做了大量的理解题，仍然效果不理想，正确率低，造成这一现象的原因是学生没有抓住做阅读理解题的答题技巧。
学生遇到的第一个困惑是生词量大。在做阅读理解题时，有的学生感觉生词多，阅读不下去，生词成为了阅读的一大障碍。有的学生在平时做阅读题时，看到生词就要查字典，否则就无法读下去。这对阅读理解来说是一个不良习惯，因为查字典势必会影响阅读速度，而现在的各种考试题量都很大，如果做题太慢会大大影响考试成绩，况且考试时是不允许查字典的。再者遇到生词就查字典，无法提高学生根据上下文推测生词含义的能力。而且并非所有生词对答题都有影响，有些生词与所问问题不相干，因此不必理会这些与答题无关的生词，那么遇到这些生词怎么办呢？学生做阅读理解题时应有心理准备，遇到生词是必然的，不用担心，更不要成为心理上的阅读障碍。对于答题有关联的生词，可根据上下文和构词法推测出词的意义。
例如：
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances （drugs） is pervasive： an aspirin to quiet a headache， some wine to be sociable， coffee to get going in the morning， a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses？ First of all ， most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance， with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect， and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
The word “ pervasive” might mean_________
A. overwhelming B. widespread
C. piercing D. fashionable
“Pervasive”一词对许多学生来说是生词，但根据下文的内容：服用阿司匹林治头痛，喝酒提神，早晨喝咖啡解困，吸烟使心理得到安慰等，由此看来“medicinal and social use of substances（drugs）”是相当普遍的现象，故答案应选B。
The fitness movement that began in the in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise（有氧操）. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities， and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize （获利） on this emerging interest in fitness， particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement ， even a national chain with spas in most major cities.
The word “spas” most probably refers to ________
A. sports activities B. recreation centers
C. places for physical exercise D.athletic training programs
“spas”一词是一陌生词汇，其上下文的含义为：数百万人开始参加有氧运动的锻炼，人们对于健身，特别是女子有氧健美操越来越有兴趣。基于此，数千家健身中心在全国应运而生。因而我们可以从“health spas”推导出“spas”应为健身场所。
以上两篇文章中我们根据上下文推导出了相关词的含义，培养了猜测生词含义的能力，也大大节省了查词典的时间，提高了阅读速度。文章中还有一些生词，但对答题无大关联，不影响答题，就不用在上面再花费时间了。猜词的方法有如下技巧： （1）根据同义词猜测，同义词一般由and或or连接，知道其中一个词的含义，即可猜到另一词的含义。
例：The students are diligent and hard-working， preparing their entrance examination.
“diligent”和 “hard-working”由and连接，表示意义相近，即可猜测“diligent”为“用功的、刻苦的”含义。
（2）根据反义词猜测，反义词一般由but， however while ，not等词引出。
例：John is very optimistic while his sister is rather pessimistic.
若知道“optimistic”为“乐观的”，“while”一词表示转折，即可推断“pessimistic”为 “悲观的”意思。
（3）根据举例，猜测生词的含义。
例：In the library ，the students often read some periodicals， for example， Times， Readers ，Gardens etc.
根据所举的例子，“时代” 、“读者” 、“园艺”，即可猜出“periodical”一词指期刊。
（4）根据同位语猜测生词的含义。
例：Linda managed the boutique ，the speciality store ，and attracted many customers.
“boutique” 一词为生词，但其后面的同位语“the speciality store ” “特色店”解释了其含义。
（5）根据构词法猜测词的含义
例：My mother cleans and defrosts the refrigerator once a month. “defrost”一词可能是生词，但”frost”是霜，前缀 “de”的含义是 “去除、降低”，故可推测”defrost”意为“除霜”。
学生遇到的第二个困惑是做题时，感觉选项中两个选项都对，又都似是而非，不知该选哪一个。
例如：
In the early days of sea travel， seamen on long voyages lived exculsively on salted meat and biscuit. Many of them died of scurvy（坏血病），a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums， livid white spots on the flesh and general exhaustion. On one occasion， in 1535， an English ship arrived in Newfoundland with its crew desperately ill. The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them vegetable leaves to eat. Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors’diet， and Captain Cook， on his long voyages of discovery to Ausrtalia and New Zealand， established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors.
Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. These elements are called “vitamins”.Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them. A，B，C，D， and so on.Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins. Even a slight lack of Vitamin C， for example， the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetables， is thought to increase significantly our susceptibility（敏感度）to colds and influenza.
The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet，including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet， say during extended periods of religious fasting（斋戒），or when trying to lose weight， that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins. Scurvy is a disease that is provoked by
A. salted meat and biscuit
B. exhaustion
C. want of some essential substances
D. lack of fresh vegetables and fruits
第一题中，考生觉得C、D两个选项都对，不知选哪一个，考生做题时应抓住本篇文章的主旨，以此为指导，就能辨别出哪一个是正确答案了。本篇第一段介绍了海员因长期在海上航行饮食缺乏新鲜蔬菜和水果，因而许多船员得了坏血病，根据这一现象有的学生选择了D选项。原文第二段阐述了本文的主旨，即当体内维生素缺乏时身体就会出问题，维生素对人体至关重要，因此选项C更符合原文，故答案应为C。由此看来理解文章主旨对答题有很大的帮助。
为了准确理解文章的主旨，要重点理解每一段的段首句和段尾句。因主题句（topic sentence）经常出现在段首句或段尾句，抓住了每一段的主题句，就能更好地总结出篇章的主旨。
学生遇到的第三个困惑是科技类文章的阅读。因科技类或科普类文章专业词汇多，句子结构长，许多学生遇到这类文章就感觉头疼，甚至有的学生在考试时看到科普类文章阅读理解时就放弃了，这样考试成绩就大受影响了。其实掌握了科技类文章阅读理解的答题技巧，这类文章的理解题还是比较容易做对的，在做科技类文章阅读理解题时，不要试图将其翻译成中文，对于陌生的专业词汇，只要根据上下文分析出其词性即可。不要让专业词汇成为阅读的障碍。即使有时不能很好地理解全文的含义，但根据句子中的关键词汇也能做出正确的选择。
例如：
Making a plaster patch a square foot or so in areas is considerably more job than filling cracks， but there is no reason why the amateur should not attempt the repair if he makes his preparations properly.
Cut the edges around the opening clearly， and wet them thoroughly. Make the mix of fresh plaster slightly stiffer （less water） than for the crack repair. Put on a base coat first， which means just enough to cover the lath， and see that it is below the face of the old edges. After this coat has set a little， mix another batch， slightly more fluid， and apply as a finish coat right over it， and smooth it out evenly with the old edges. This method is suggested because the weight of one full coating might be too much， and you would probably have some trouble keeping it in place on the lath.
To smooth off the finished coat nicely， take a straight， smooth piece of wood ， with a more or less sharp edge long enough to span the patch， and work it across， back and forth over the new plaster. This will give you an even， smooth surface and avoid the necessity of troweling （用泥刀修平） out any humps or filling in any depressions. In doing this kind of work， it is essential that the water be clean， and free from rust or dirt. If it is not， the patch will be discolored.
In making a plaster patch， the passage does not say you should_________
A. use a straight piece of wood across the patch
B. make the mix of fresh plaster softer （more water） than in filling a crack
C. use clean water
D. put on a base coat of plaster first
阅读本篇文章时，由于专业词汇较多，学生未能理解其含义，但这并不影响答题，选项A、C、D在原文中都提到了，故答案只能是B选项。
关键词 大学英语 阅读理解 技能
中图分类号：G424 文献标识码：A
在大学英语学习中阅读理解是很重要的内容，在各种考试中，如大学生英语四、六级考试，研究生入学考试等，阅读理解都占有较重的比例。提高阅读理解水平与答题技能对学生来说是至关重要的。然而许多学生虽做了大量的理解题，仍然效果不理想，正确率低，造成这一现象的原因是学生没有抓住做阅读理解题的答题技巧。
学生遇到的第一个困惑是生词量大。在做阅读理解题时，有的学生感觉生词多，阅读不下去，生词成为了阅读的一大障碍。有的学生在平时做阅读题时，看到生词就要查字典，否则就无法读下去。这对阅读理解来说是一个不良习惯，因为查字典势必会影响阅读速度，而现在的各种考试题量都很大，如果做题太慢会大大影响考试成绩，况且考试时是不允许查字典的。再者遇到生词就查字典，无法提高学生根据上下文推测生词含义的能力。而且并非所有生词对答题都有影响，有些生词与所问问题不相干，因此不必理会这些与答题无关的生词，那么遇到这些生词怎么办呢？学生做阅读理解题时应有心理准备，遇到生词是必然的，不用担心，更不要成为心理上的阅读障碍。对于答题有关联的生词，可根据上下文和构词法推测出词的意义。
例如：
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances （drugs） is pervasive： an aspirin to quiet a headache， some wine to be sociable， coffee to get going in the morning， a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses？ First of all ， most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance， with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect， and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
The word “ pervasive” might mean_________
A. overwhelming B. widespread
C. piercing D. fashionable
“Pervasive”一词对许多学生来说是生词，但根据下文的内容：服用阿司匹林治头痛，喝酒提神，早晨喝咖啡解困，吸烟使心理得到安慰等，由此看来“medicinal and social use of substances（drugs）”是相当普遍的现象，故答案应选B。
The fitness movement that began in the in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise（有氧操）. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities， and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize （获利） on this emerging interest in fitness， particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement ， even a national chain with spas in most major cities.
The word “spas” most probably refers to ________
A. sports activities B. recreation centers
C. places for physical exercise D.athletic training programs
“spas”一词是一陌生词汇，其上下文的含义为：数百万人开始参加有氧运动的锻炼，人们对于健身，特别是女子有氧健美操越来越有兴趣。基于此，数千家健身中心在全国应运而生。因而我们可以从“health spas”推导出“spas”应为健身场所。
以上两篇文章中我们根据上下文推导出了相关词的含义，培养了猜测生词含义的能力，也大大节省了查词典的时间，提高了阅读速度。文章中还有一些生词，但对答题无大关联，不影响答题，就不用在上面再花费时间了。猜词的方法有如下技巧： （1）根据同义词猜测，同义词一般由and或or连接，知道其中一个词的含义，即可猜到另一词的含义。
例：The students are diligent and hard-working， preparing their entrance examination.
“diligent”和 “hard-working”由and连接，表示意义相近，即可猜测“diligent”为“用功的、刻苦的”含义。
（2）根据反义词猜测，反义词一般由but， however while ，not等词引出。
例：John is very optimistic while his sister is rather pessimistic.
若知道“optimistic”为“乐观的”，“while”一词表示转折，即可推断“pessimistic”为 “悲观的”意思。
（3）根据举例，猜测生词的含义。
例：In the library ，the students often read some periodicals， for example， Times， Readers ，Gardens etc.
根据所举的例子，“时代” 、“读者” 、“园艺”，即可猜出“periodical”一词指期刊。
（4）根据同位语猜测生词的含义。
例：Linda managed the boutique ，the speciality store ，and attracted many customers.
“boutique” 一词为生词，但其后面的同位语“the speciality store ” “特色店”解释了其含义。
（5）根据构词法猜测词的含义
例：My mother cleans and defrosts the refrigerator once a month. “defrost”一词可能是生词，但”frost”是霜，前缀 “de”的含义是 “去除、降低”，故可推测”defrost”意为“除霜”。
学生遇到的第二个困惑是做题时，感觉选项中两个选项都对，又都似是而非，不知该选哪一个。
例如：
In the early days of sea travel， seamen on long voyages lived exculsively on salted meat and biscuit. Many of them died of scurvy（坏血病），a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums， livid white spots on the flesh and general exhaustion. On one occasion， in 1535， an English ship arrived in Newfoundland with its crew desperately ill. The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them vegetable leaves to eat. Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors’diet， and Captain Cook， on his long voyages of discovery to Ausrtalia and New Zealand， established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for the sailors.
Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. These elements are called “vitamins”.Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them. A，B，C，D， and so on.Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins. Even a slight lack of Vitamin C， for example， the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetables， is thought to increase significantly our susceptibility（敏感度）to colds and influenza.
The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet，including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet， say during extended periods of religious fasting（斋戒），or when trying to lose weight， that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins. Scurvy is a disease that is provoked by
A. salted meat and biscuit
B. exhaustion
C. want of some essential substances
D. lack of fresh vegetables and fruits
第一题中，考生觉得C、D两个选项都对，不知选哪一个，考生做题时应抓住本篇文章的主旨，以此为指导，就能辨别出哪一个是正确答案了。本篇第一段介绍了海员因长期在海上航行饮食缺乏新鲜蔬菜和水果，因而许多船员得了坏血病，根据这一现象有的学生选择了D选项。原文第二段阐述了本文的主旨，即当体内维生素缺乏时身体就会出问题，维生素对人体至关重要，因此选项C更符合原文，故答案应为C。由此看来理解文章主旨对答题有很大的帮助。
为了准确理解文章的主旨，要重点理解每一段的段首句和段尾句。因主题句（topic sentence）经常出现在段首句或段尾句，抓住了每一段的主题句，就能更好地总结出篇章的主旨。
学生遇到的第三个困惑是科技类文章的阅读。因科技类或科普类文章专业词汇多，句子结构长，许多学生遇到这类文章就感觉头疼，甚至有的学生在考试时看到科普类文章阅读理解时就放弃了，这样考试成绩就大受影响了。其实掌握了科技类文章阅读理解的答题技巧，这类文章的理解题还是比较容易做对的，在做科技类文章阅读理解题时，不要试图将其翻译成中文，对于陌生的专业词汇，只要根据上下文分析出其词性即可。不要让专业词汇成为阅读的障碍。即使有时不能很好地理解全文的含义，但根据句子中的关键词汇也能做出正确的选择。
例如：
Making a plaster patch a square foot or so in areas is considerably more job than filling cracks， but there is no reason why the amateur should not attempt the repair if he makes his preparations properly.
Cut the edges around the opening clearly， and wet them thoroughly. Make the mix of fresh plaster slightly stiffer （less water） than for the crack repair. Put on a base coat first， which means just enough to cover the lath， and see that it is below the face of the old edges. After this coat has set a little， mix another batch， slightly more fluid， and apply as a finish coat right over it， and smooth it out evenly with the old edges. This method is suggested because the weight of one full coating might be too much， and you would probably have some trouble keeping it in place on the lath.
To smooth off the finished coat nicely， take a straight， smooth piece of wood ， with a more or less sharp edge long enough to span the patch， and work it across， back and forth over the new plaster. This will give you an even， smooth surface and avoid the necessity of troweling （用泥刀修平） out any humps or filling in any depressions. In doing this kind of work， it is essential that the water be clean， and free from rust or dirt. If it is not， the patch will be discolored.
In making a plaster patch， the passage does not say you should_________
A. use a straight piece of wood across the patch
B. make the mix of fresh plaster softer （more water） than in filling a crack
C. use clean water
D. put on a base coat of plaster first
阅读本篇文章时，由于专业词汇较多，学生未能理解其含义，但这并不影响答题，选项A、C、D在原文中都提到了，故答案只能是B选项。