论文部分内容阅读
The second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window provides a superior optical platform with high resolution, deep penetration and high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), which results from the intrinsic low scattering and autofluorescence in biological tissues. As one of the promising NIR-II emitting probes, lanthanide based nanoparticles (LnNPs) exhibit high photo stability and chemostability, long photo-luminescence lifetimes, low long-term cytotoxicity and narrow emission bandwidths. All these merits have spurred the evolution of related bio-optics and a variety of biomedical applications of LnNPs. This mini-review discusses the most recent advances in both the design - the composition and surface modifications - and the applications of NIR-II emitting LnNPs in bioimaging, disease diagnosis and therapy. We also summarize the current limits and challenges facing the applications of LnNPs as well as discuss the directions of future development.