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1 前言散货船是世界主要运输船型之一,自60年代开始设计建造散货船以来,因其运输效率高、经济效益好而得到快速发展,目前,全世界共有约5 000艘散货船在营运中,运输的货物主要是谷物、煤、矿石、木材、钢铁、纸浆等。然而,近十年来散货船海损事故频频发生,据统计,自1980年至今已有150多艘2万载重吨以上的散货船发生严重的海损事故,导致70多艘船沉没,900多人丧生。在所有事故中,由于船体结构损坏导致海损者近一半以上。失事船以2万吨至8万吨居多,船龄在10年以上,多为15～25年者。1990年至1994年是散货船失事的高峰期。
1 Introduction Bulk carriers are one of the major shipping carriers in the world. Since the design and construction of bulk carriers began in the 1960s, they have been rapidly developed due to their high transportation efficiency and good economic returns. At present, there are some 5,000 bulk carriers in the world In operation, the transportation of goods is mainly cereals, coal, ore, wood, steel, pulp and so on. However, the average damage caused by bulk carriers in the past decade has been frequent. According to statistics, more than 150 bulk carriers over 20000 deadweight tons have been subject to serious maritime accidents since 1980, causing over 70 vessels to sink and more than 900 people Death. In all accidents, nearly one-half of the ship’s losses were caused by structural damage to the hull. Crash to 20,000 tons to 80,000 tons majority, more than 10 years old, mostly 15 to 25 years. From 1990 to 1994, it was the peak of the bulk carrier crash.