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西塞罗的《地方论》产生于公元前44年,对后世产生了很大的影响。首先,它是一个经典的法律文本,前承《十二表法》,后启盖尤斯《法学阶梯》和优士丁尼《市民法大全》,反映了共和时期的罗马法,而我们常用的优士丁尼罗马法属于帝政时期。由于《地方论》的这一独特价值,它多次受到后人的专门研究,例如荷兰学者F.G.v.Lynden的《图留斯在〈地方论〉中阐述的法理学解释》(Interpretatio Iurisprudentiae Tulliannae in Topicis Expositae,Lugd. Batav.1805)、法国学者Gaston Francois Marie de Caqueray的《对包含在西塞罗作品中的私法段落的说明》(这本601页的书花了90页论述《地方论》中的私法问题)、意大利学者Giuliano Crifò的《西塞罗〈地方论〉的法律解读》。其次,它是一个修辞学—法学文本,保留了对产生于大希腊(现今的意大利南方)的法庭演说艺术的说明。修辞学即公开演讲之学,首先运用于法庭上的辩护和控告,后扩展运用于政治活动。西塞罗是把希腊的修辞学罗马化的作家,他的早期作品如《论演说的分部》、《论演说家》、《论寻找》、《布鲁图》都致力于这一方面,《地方论》对这些早期作品做了一个萃取,以短赢得其价值。但铺陈过少也导致其难解。最后,它是一个经典的逻辑学文本。在中世纪的欧洲由于奥斯曼帝国的崛起隔断与希腊的文化联系,亚里士多德的著作湮没之时,西塞罗的《地方论》由于波埃修斯(480—524)写的《西塞罗〈地方论〉评注》保留下来,成为当时的欧洲人获取亚里士多德的《地方论》包括的逻辑学观念的工具,并得到从逻辑学角度出发进行的研究。由于内容的多元,翻译这一短短的文本是极为困难的工作。对于既有的西文译本,大体上说是这样:文学者的译本法律方面漏洞百出,法学者的译本在修辞学和逻辑学方面又漏洞百出。我们的这个译本尽量从这三个知识域出发进行。尽管如此,仍难免有错误,恳请读者批评指正。
Cicero’s “theory of the place” originated in 44 BC, had a great impact on future generations. First of all, it is a classic legal text, prefaced by the “Twelve Tables”, and after the opening of Gaius “The Ladder of Law” and Ursini “The Encyclopedia of Municipal Law,” reflecting the Roman law in republican times, and we commonly used Utmost Dini Roman law belongs to Emperor period. Due to this unique value of “local theory”, it has been repeatedly studied by his descendants for many times. For example, the interpretation of Iurisprudentiae Tulliannae in Topicis Expositae by Tuvlingen, a Dutch scholar, , Lugd. Batav. 1805), “An account of the private law passages contained in Cicero’s work by French scholar Gaston Francois Marie de Caqueray” (This 601-page book deals with 90 pages of private law Problem), Italian scholar Giuliano Crifò’s “Cicero” legal interpretation of “theory.” Second, it is a rhetorical-legal text that preserves the account of the art of court speech that originated in Greater Greece (today’s southern Italy). Rhetoric is the teaching of public speech, first used in court defense and accusation, then expanded for political activities. Cicero was a writer who romanized Greek rhetoric. His early works, such as “The Division of Speeches,” “On the Orator,” “On Searching,” and “Brutus,” are all devoted to this aspect. Localism makes an extraction of these early works, shortly to win its value. But too little is also caused by the spread. Finally, it is a classic logical text. In medieval Europe the cultural ties with Greece were cut off by the rise of the Ottoman Empire and the Aristotelian writings were obliterated, Cicero’s “theory of the place” was written by Cézanne (480-524) Luo’s commentary on the theory of the place preserved and became a tool for the Europeans to acquire the logic concepts contained in Aristotle’s Archeology at the time and to get a logical study. Due to the diversity of content, translating this short text is an extremely difficult task. As to the existing Western translations, this is generally the case: There are many legal problems in the translation of literary works, and the translation of legal scholars is full of loopholes in rhetoric and logic. Our translation tries to proceed from these three fields of knowledge. Nevertheless, it is still inevitable that mistakes, I urge readers criticism.