目的:总结顺行多镜联合微创方式治疗移植肾上尿路结石的临床经验和疗效。方法:回顾性分析清华长庚医院2018年6月至2020年8月收治的14例移植肾上尿路结石患者的病例资料。男6例，女8例。平均年龄(47.3±11.1)岁。3例合并高尿酸血症，4例合并高血压病和糖尿病。肾移植手术史分别为≥10年3例，3~5年4例，2年3例，1年3例，4个月1例。3例有输尿管软镜碎石术(RIRS)手术史，因输尿管迂曲严重致置鞘或上镜失败而终止手术；2例因结石梗阻积水行输尿管支架管置入术。7例术前血肌酐正常，4例为慢性肾功能不全代偿期，血肌酐91~139μmol/L；3例为慢性肾功能不全失代偿期或肾衰竭期，血肌酐分别为292、544、708μmol/L。术前血红蛋白平均为117.5 g/L。3例为部分鹿角形结石，4例为肾盏或肾盂单发结石，2例为肾盂或肾盏结石合并输尿管上段结石，5例为肾盂或肾盏多发结石。结石大小：1例上盏单发结石0.7 cm，3例下盏结石分别为1.5、1.6、2.0 cm，1例肾盂结石1.5 cm，2例中上盏结石分别为2.8、3.1 cm，2例中下盏结石分别为1.5、3.2 cm，3例中上盏及肾盂结石分别为2.2、2.5、2.6 cm，2例肾盂合并输尿管上段结石，其中肾盂结石分别为1.3 cm和1.7 cm，输尿管结石分别为0.7 cm和0.5 cm。术前尿常规检查示9例有尿路感染，其中5例尿培养阳性，选择敏感药物治疗好转后手术。14例均采用超声引导下建立皮肾通道的顺行多镜联合微创治疗，根据结石大小和分布情况采用单通道或不同大小口径的多通道经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)相结合，辅以顺行输尿管软镜碎石术(FURS)的联合方式。共7种术式：单一标准通道经皮肾镜碎石术(S-PCNL)2例，结石大小分别为2.2 cm和2.6 cm；单一微通道经皮肾镜碎石术(M-PCNL)2例，结石大小均为1.5 cm；单一针状肾镜碎石术(Needle-perc)1例，结石大小0.7 cm；S-PCNL联合M-PCNL 2例，结石大小分别为2.8 cm和3.1 cm；S-PCNL联合Needle-perc 3例，结石大小分别为2.0、2.5、3.2 cm；M-PCNL联合Needle-perc 2例，结石大小分别为1.5 cm和1.6 cm；S-PCNL联合顺行FURS 2例，肾结石大小分别为1.3 cm和1.7 cm，合并输尿管结石大小分别为0.5 cm和0.7 cm。记录手术时间、血肌酐和血红蛋白变化值、手术并发症、术后住院时间等情况。结果:本研究14例手术均一期顺利完成。术后KUB检查发现1例肾下盏0.6 cm残石，行二期手术经原通道顺行FURS清石。其余13例一期完全清除结石。平均手术时间(68.2±21.6)min。平均术后住院时间(6.2±1.3)d。术后2例血肌酐轻度升高，升高值平均(12.6±0.3)μmol/L；3例显著下降，下降值平均(329.6±216.6)μmol/L；余9例无明显波动，变化范围均<10μmol/L，其中5例升高均值为(5.4±0.7)μmol/L，4例下降均值为(3.7±0.4)μmol/L。血红蛋白较术前下降均值为(9.3±4.1)g/L。2例术后发热，经对症、抗炎治疗后体温恢复正常。均未发生输血、腹腔脏器损伤和尿源性脓毒症等并发症。结论:对于移植肾上尿路结石患者，根据个体差异采用单通道PCNL、不同大小口径的多通道PCNL以及顺行FURS的单一或联合方式进行手术，能有效减少肾功能损伤，结石清除效果好，术后并发症较少。“,”Objective:To discuss the clinical experience and efficacy of minimally invasive anterograde multiple endoscopic treatment of upper urinary tract stones in allograft kidney.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 14 patients with upper urinary tract stones in allograft kidney admitted to our hospital from June 2018 to August 2020. 8 cases were female and 6 cases were male, with an average age of 47.3±11.1 years. 3 patients had hyperuricemia and four had hypertension and diabetes. The history of renal transplantation was over ten years in 3 cases, three to five years in 4 cases, two years in 3 cases, 1 year in 3 cases, and 4 months in 1 case. 3 patients had a history of RIRS, and the operation was terminated due to severe ureteral tortuosity resulting in failure of sheathing or ureteroscopy. Ureteral stent was performed in 2 cases due to stone obstruction and hydronephrosis. Serum creatinine was normal in 7 patients before operation, and serum creatinine was 91-139μmol/L in 4 patients in the compensatory stage of chronic renal insufficiency. The serum creatinine was 292, 544 and 708μmol/L respectively in 3 patients in the decompensated stage of chronic renal insufficiency or renal failure stage. The preoperative average hemoglobin was 117.5g/L. 3 cases were partial staghorn calculi, 4 cases were single caliceal or renal pelvis calculi, 2 cases were renal pelvis or caliceal calculi with upper ureteral calculi, and 5 cases were renal pelvis or renal caliceal calculi with multiple calculi. Stone size were 1 case of single upper caliceal stone of 0.7cm, 3 cases of lower caliceal stones of 1.5, 1.6 and 2.0cm, 1 case of renal pelvic stone of 1.5cm, 2 cases of middle and upper caliceal stones of 2.8 and 3.1cm, 2 cases of middle and lower caliceal stones of 1.5 and 3.2cm, respectively. 3 cases of middle upper caliceal and renal pelvic stones were 2.2, 2.5 and 2.6cm. 2 cases of renal pelvis with upper ureteral stones were 1.3 and 1.7cm, 0.7 and 0.5cm respectively. Preoperative routine urine examination showed that 9 cases had urinary tract infection, among which 5 cases had positive urine culture. Surgery was performed after therapeutic improvement with sensitive antibiotics. According to the size and distribution of stone, the combination of single access or multi-access PCNL in different diameters was adopted, supplemented by FURS. Surgical methods selection and performance: 2 cases performed in single S-PCNL with stone size were 2.2cm and 2.6cm, 2 cases performed in single M-PCNL with stone size were 1.5cm and 1.5cm, 1 case performed in Needle-perc with stone size was 0.7cm, 2 cases performed in S-PCNL combined M-PCNL with stone size were 2.8cm and 3.1cm, 3 cases performed in S-PCNL combined Needle-perc with stone size were 2.0cm, 2.5cm and 3.2cm, 2 cases performed in M-PCNL combined Needle-perc with stone size were 1.5cm and 1.6cm, 2 cases performed in S-PCNL combined anterograde FURS with stones size were 1.3cm and 1.7cm in allograft kidney and ureter stone were 0.7cm and 0.5cm, a total of 7 kinds of way, and postoperative stone free rate, laboratory indexes (serum creatinine, blood hemoglobin), surgical complications, postoperative hospital stay were analyzed.Results:All 14 patients (mean age was 47.3±11.1 years) were successfully operated. Postoperative examination revealed 1 case had 0.6cm residual stone and it was cleared at the second stage anterograde FURS through the original access. The mean operative time and postoperative hospital stay were 68.2±21.6min and 6.2±1.3 days. Compared with preoperative serum creatinine changes, 2 cases showed slight increase (mean 12.6±0.3μmol/L), 3 cases showed significant decrease (mean 329.6±216.6μmol/L), and the other 9 cases showed no significant change (range<10μmol/L), among which 5 cases showed an increase (mean 5.4±0.7 μmol/L) and 4 cases showed a decrease (mean 3.7±0.4 μmol/L). The mean decrease of hemoglobin was 9.3±4.1g/L. Two patients had fever and their body temperature returned to normal after anti-inflammatory treatment. No blood transfusion, abdominal organ injury or urogenic sepsis occurred.Conclusions:Invasive anterograde multiple endoscopic treatment of upper urinary tract stones in allograft kidney is a single or combined operation using single-channel PCNL, multi-channel PCNL of different sizes and diameters and anterograde FURS according to individual differences, which can effectively reduce renal function injury is safe, efficient and feasible.