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与强调科学家的观点必须和事实相符的培根式观念相比,多元主义的客观性关注的是在冲突的进路之间寻求批判性竞争。多元主义从科学理论的实质性假设扩展到科研中的价值领域。认知价值的多元性有助于达到更符合科研现实状况的客观性形式,它保留了科学客观性中大部分符合直觉的东西,也是唯一能够克服偏好型偏见的方式。除此以外,科学研究的另一大特性是追求共识,其基础是共享一种认知态度,此态度表现在科学家愿意服从经验的细究、尊重理性论证,以及科学共同体在判别知识断言时采取的规则方面。多元主义和达成共识的和谐关系可以从不同层次来说明:一个是科学推理的层次,另一个是社会约定的层次,后者关注的是如何处理共同体中的知识断言。
In contrast to the baconist notion that the scientist’s point of view must be factual, the objectivity of pluralism is concerned with the search for critical competition among conflicting approaches. Pluralism extends from the substantive assumptions of scientific theory to the field of value in scientific research. The diversity of cognitive values helps to achieve an objective form that is more in line with the realities of scientific research. It retains most of the intuition in scientific objectivity and is the only way to overcome prejudices of bias. In addition to this, another major feature of scientific research is the pursuit of consensus based on the sharing of a cognitive attitude expressed by scientists willing to subject themselves to experience, respect for rational argument, and what the scientific community takes when discriminating between knowledge assertions Rules. The harmonious relationship between pluralism and reaching consensus can be illustrated at different levels: one is the level of scientific reasoning, the other is the level of social agreement, and the latter is concerned with how to handle the knowledge assertions in the community.