一、导言 　　经济学家的一个重要职责就是研究实现经济“改革”的各种方法和各个步骤。事实上， 在许多人看来，学习经济学的主要益处就是学习一种如何“改进”经济的工具，当然，这种 改进是通过改革经济秩序中的缺陷来完成。在本文中，我们不否认经济知识在这方面的作用 ， I. Introduction One of the important responsibilities of economists is to study the various methods and steps for economic “reform.” In fact, in many view, the main benefit of learning economics is to learn a tool of how to “improve” the economy. Of course, this improvement is accomplished through the reform of the deficiencies in the economic order. In this article, we do not deny the role of economic knowledge in this regard,