目的　探讨先天性肾积水转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)mRNA及蛋白表达变化的临床意义。　方法　应用免疫组化及原位杂交方法对 15例患肾、10例正常肾组织进行染色观察。　结果　患肾组织TGF β1蛋白及mRNA表达均增高 ,大部分近曲小管、少数肾小球、极少数远曲小管细胞浆内可见TGF β1蛋白强阳性表达。大部分近曲小管的部分细胞核、极少数肾小球细胞核内可见TGF β1mRNA的中度阳性表达。患肾肾盂及肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄段肌细胞和间质梭形细胞胞浆及胶原纤维内TGF β1蛋白及mRNA表达增高。结论　先天性肾积水患肾组织TGF β1表达增高可能与慢性肾损伤及间质纤维化有关 Objective To investigate the clinical significance of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) mRNA and protein expression in congenital hydronephrosis. Methods Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to observe the expression of 15 cases of kidney and 10 cases of normal kidney tissue. Results The expression of TGF-β1 protein and mRNA in renal tissue increased, most of the proximal tubule, a few glomerulus, very few distal tubule cytoplasm showed strong positive expression of TGF-β1 protein. Most of the proximal tubule part of the nucleus, a very small number of glomerular nuclei can be seen in TGF? 1 mRNA moderately positive expression. In the renal pelvis and ureteropelvic junction stenosis muscle cells and interstitial spindle cells in the cytoplasm and collagen fibers TGF β1 protein and mRNA expression increased. Conclusions The high expression of TGF-β1 in renal tissue of patients with congenital hydronephrosis may be related to chronic renal injury and interstitial fibrosis