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小肠细菌过度生长(small intestinal bacterial overgrowth，SIBO)与儿童多种疾病密切相关，发病机制尚不清楚，胃酸缺乏、肠动力障碍、解剖结构异常及免疫功能受损等均可影响疾病发生发展。目前诊断SIBO的方法较多，各类呼气试验简便无创、经济安全，但灵敏性和特异性有待提高。近端小肠液细菌培养既往为金标准，但因有创性及培养条件的限制，在临床应用不多，近年来二代测序技术成为研究肠道菌群组成和功能的新兴工具，有着广阔的临床应用前景。该文就儿童SIBO发病机制和诊断方法的研究进展进行综述。“,”Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO)is associated with various diseases in children.The pathogenesis involves gastric acid secretion, intestinal motility, anatomical structure and immune function.Breath test is widely used clinically because its simplicity and noninvasion, but its sensitivity and specificity are unstable.Bacterial culture of proximal intestinal fluid has been the gold standard in the past, but it is not easy to be popularized clinically for invasive examination.Next generation sequencing technology may provide function and composition of the intestinal flora.Finding a simple and accurate detection method to diagnose SIBO is an urgent problem.This paper reviews the progress in research on the pathogenesis and diagnostic methods of SIBO in children.