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吸烟在肺癌的病因中占有极为重要的地位，但掌握更多的肺癌其他“微弱”危险因素的知识，对科学家来说更具挑战性。因为微弱暴露因素难于精确分级，或者受吸烟的混杂影响，从而使它们的真正意义受到掩盖。流行病学中先进的病因学研究方法，应更多地采用分子生物学的方法以判定暴露、易感性及疾病的早期症状，生活方式因素包括饮食中的脂肪含量、新鲜蔬菜、水果的摄取情况，这些都是肺癌的可能重要病因。但因对这些病因的特殊机制了解尚不透彻，而使研究遇到困难。病因学研究的经验告诉我们，必需严肃对待各种不同的研究设计所提出的假说，并以最佳的数据来对所提出的不同的假设进行选择
Smoking plays an extremely important role in the etiology of lung cancer, but knowing more about the other “weak” risk factors of lung cancer is even more challenging for scientists. Because the weak exposure factors are difficult to classify accurately, or because of the mixed effects of smoking, their true meaning is obscured. Advanced etiology research methods in epidemiology should use molecular biology methods to determine exposure, susceptibility, and early symptoms of diseases. Lifestyle factors include dietary fat content, fresh vegetables, and fruit intake. These are all possible causes of lung cancer. However, due to the unclear understanding of the special mechanisms of these causes, the study has encountered difficulties. The experience of etiological research tells us that the hypotheses proposed by various research designs must be taken seriously and that the different hypotheses proposed should be selected with the best data.