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Abstract The Camellia oleifera industry is a rising industry with Chinese characteristics. In recent years， the C. oleifera industry has made great achievements and is also in the development stage of climbing uphill. This paper overviewed the background of standardization， expounded the necessity of the standardization of C. oleifera cultivation， and proposed a new ideas that the construction of C. oleifera cultivation standardization needs to be divided into such six key links as indispensable forest land selection， seedling selection， afforestation technology， fertilization technology， tree cultivation technology and timely harvesting according to the current situation and problems of C. oleifera cultivation standardization.
Key words Camellia oleifera; Cultivation; Standardization; Development ideas
Camellia oleifera is a unique woody edible oil tree species in China. It is also known as the worlds four major woody oil plants with olive oil， oil palm and coconut[1-7]. In September 2016， the National Development and Reform Plan for Bulk Oil Crops （2016-2020）， jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission， the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Forestry Administration， listed C. oleifera along with soybean， rape and peanut as the main force in Chinas oil plant production. Therefore， the development of the C. oleifera industry is of great significance in ensuring the national grain and oil safety， improving the self-sufficiency level of edible vegetable oil， improving the food consumption structure and promoting the income of farmers in mountainous areas. Since the 2008 National Camellia Industry Development Conference， the country has attached great importance to making the C. oleifera industry into a fast track for development. The total area of C. oleifera forests has reached 4.4 million hectares， the annual output of tea oil has exceeded 630 000 tons， and the annual total output value has exceeded 100 billion， showing the huge potential of the C. oleifera industry.
With the development of Chinas socialist market economy， peoples living standards have changed from a quantitative type in the stage of subsistence to a quality type in the fairly well-off stage. Safe， high-quality and nutritious edible vegetable oils will achieve greater economic and social benefits. In particular， after Chinas entry into the WTO， as the threshold of "green barriers" continues to increase， foreign vegetable oils flood into the China， and market competition will become increasingly fierce. It is imminent to implement standardized production of C. oleifera and improve the quality and competitiveness of C. oleifera. Standardized Background
Definition of standardization
The definitions under GB/T 20000.1-2002 Guidelines for standardization—Part 1： Standardization and related activities—General vocabulary and ISO/IEC Guide 2： 1996， Standardization and related activities—General vocabulary： The activity of establishing common use and reuse clauses for real or potential problems， in order to obtain the best order in a certain range. Standardization is a scientific activity and a normative process. The purpose of standardization activities is to obtain the best order within a certain range and maximize the benefits by establishing the best order.
Forestry standardization refers to the standardization activities related to forestry. It is the entire pre-， mid-， and post-production process of forestry production applying the standardization principles. Best economical， social and ecological benefits can be achieved through the formulation and implementation of standards and standardized production process. The implementation of forestry standardization will surely play a role in guiding production， guiding consumption and regulating the market. It will also promote the improvement of product quality and the improvement of peoples living standards[8].
The C. oleifera industry standardization refers to C. oleifera cultivation， harvesting， production， processing， packaging， circulation and related standard systems and the application of these systems， covering the entire pre-， middle-， and post-production process of C. oleifera production， enabling forest farmers to plant C. oleifera according to standards. The distributors can purchase and sell C. oleifera seedlings， cuttings and their products according to the standards. The quality control personnel inspect the planted and processed products according to the standards. The processing enterprises implement the operations according to the standards， so that the C. oleifera cultivation and processing enterprises can produce products that meet the standards， and the standardization management of the entire "mountain-to-table" process can be realized[9].
The development history of standardization
The origin of Chinas standardized production can be traced back to the pre-Qin period of ancient China. In the Qin Shihuang era， unified measurement， currency and words were the most primitive standardization models. Thousands of bronze weapons unearthed from the Qin Shihuangs Tomb and Army Vaults show the superb craftsmanship of bronze production under the standardized management mode of the Qin Dynasty， which is the earliest record of standardized production in China[10]. After the founding of New China， especially after the reform and opening up， the central government attached great importance to standardization construction. The Standardization Law of the Peoples Republic of China was revised and adopted by the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China on December 29， 1988， and came into effect on April 1， 1989 and was revised on November 4， 2017. China has implemented forestry standardization since 1952. For decades， many standards have been formulated around the development of the national economy in the aspects of timber， seedlings， forestry machinery， afforestation machinery， afforestation， and forestry management. These standards cover the main technical links and main contents of forestry production. The framework of the forestry standard system has been initially formed and has played an active role in forestry production. In order to promote forestry standardization， the State Forestry Administration formulated the Forestry Standardization Management Measures in 2003. In 2016， the State Forestry Administration established a standardization work leading group. In the same year， the State Forestry Administration issued the "13th Five-Year Plan" for Forestry Standardization.
The Necessity of C. oleifera Cultivation Standardization
C. oleifera cultivation has a history of more than 2 300 years， and it was in a state of extensive operation for a long time before. Since 2008， the C. oleifera industry has entered the fast track of development. The promotion and application of C. oleifera varieties has significantly increased the yield per unit area of C. oleifera， from 45 to 75 kg/hm2 in the past to 450 kg/hm2， and many high-yield models above 750 kg/hm2 have appeared. However， because many growers still follow the traditional experience to carry out production activities， they fail to achieve the expected goals of high yield and efficiency. Therefore， the popularization of mature C. oleifera cultivation technology into production through standards and standardized forms is beneficial to the healthy and orderly development of C. oleifera industry.
Cultivation standardization is the need to improve the overall management of C. oleifera
The C. oleifera industry is both a traditional industry and a rising industry. During the development process， there have been some key technical bottlenecks， such as extensive management of camellia tea， lack of uniform technical standards， blind and chaotic production， and the phenomenon of "planting the plants when seeing the seedlings as soon as possible and allowing the plants to grow naturally without scientific management"， and the key to solving these technical bottlenecks lies in standardization. With the help of the standardization of the C. oleifera industry， the C. oleifera industry may break away from the traditional technology， and face high-tech science and technology. New standards that meet the high-tech and industrial development of C. oleifera should be formulated[11]. Cultivation standardization is the need to improve production efficiency and reduce costs
Standards are based on production practices and scientific research. Implementing standards can reduce costs， increase economic benefits， and make better use of the ecological and social benefits of C. oleifera. For example， strict selection of forest land and improved seedlings will increase the survival rate of afforestation; accurate soil fertilization according to the standards can reduce fertilization costs and environmental pollution; and implementing technical standards for C. oleifera cultivation and growing C. oleifera according to "good variety+good method" can ensure the income period of more than 50 years， and simultaneously improve the ecological environment and increase the income of forest farmers.
Cultivation standardization is the need to give full play to the potential of increasing yield of C. oleifera
In recent years， although good varieties have been applied， but there is no supporting high-yield cultivation technology. Under this situation， not only cannot C. oleiferas potential for increasing yield be fully played， but also the cultivars will quickly degrade into low-yield and low-efficiency forests， all of which seriously affect the enthusiasm of the masses for the development of C. oleifera and hinder the process of C. oleifera production and industrialization. If high standards of high-yield demonstration base construction and supporting efficient horticultural cultivation techniques are adopted， the productivity level of C. oleifera can be fully utilized and the yield per unit area can be increased， so that the oil yield of C. oleifera can reach more than 750 kg/hm2， which is 9 times higher than the average yield of large-area low-yield forest （75 kg/hm2）. Therefore， in order to achieve high yield and stable yield of C. oleifera， it is necessary to realize horticultural and standardized cultivation techniques from the whole planting process such as scientific land selection， planning， land preparation， scientific configuration of good varieties， large container seedlings， tree cultivation， formula fertilization and tea seed grading.
Cultivation standardization is the need to promote the mechanization of C. oleifera cultivation technology
Improving the mechanization degree of C. oleifera cultivation is an inevitable choice for standardized cultivation of C. oleifera. With the goal of achieving mechanization， large-scale production and high yield and efficiency， on the one hand， we must strengthen the optimization and research and development of mechanized equipment such as C. oleifera tending， picking， and shelling equipment; and on the other hand， it is necessary to study various types of supporting high-yield cultivation standardization techniques suitable for mechanized land preparation， afforestation， tending， and picking， such as tree bodies and stand structures suitable for mechanization， flowering regulation， and water and nutrient precision regulation. Combining various types of C. oleifera machinery with supporting high-yield cultivation standardization technology， a complete set of standardization technological model for mechanized C. oleifera cultivation should be established. Cultivation standardization is the need to promote the transformation of the scientific and technological achievements of C. oleifera
The standardization of C. oleifera has a significant role in promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces， especially for the development and utilization of C. oleifera technological achievements and its industrialization. Strengthening the standardization of C. oleifera can speed up the promotion and application of scientific and technological achievements， improve the quality and efficiency of C. oleifera products， and accelerate the scale， modernization and standardization of C. oleifera.
Cultivation standardization is needed to further improve the yield and quality of C. oleifera
The lack of standardization in the development of the C. oleifera industry restricts the healthy development of the industry. For instance， the lack of technical standards results in uneven seedlings， low afforestation survival rates， and inadequate tending management， which ultimately leads to generally low yields; the lack of product quality standards results in poor quality of seedlings， cuttings and tea oil; and the lack of special standardized new processing technology and equipment that meet the characteristics of C. oleifera results in low utilization of by-products. Therefore， the development of the C. oleifera industry calls for standardization， because standards are the prerequisite for quality. Without production technology and product technical standards， it is impossible to achieve a qualitative leap in the yield and quality of C. oleifera.
Cultivation standardization is the need to improve market competitiveness and expand capacity
After Chinas entry into the WTO， C. oleifera products are not only facing competition in the domestic market， but also facing fierce competition in the international market. At present， tea oil leading companies continue to emerge， Linzhishen， Dasanxiang and other tea oil brands stars. The competition of C. oleifera products is， in the final analysis， the competition of product technological content， the competition of product quality and brand. Establishing the C. oleifera industry standardization system， launching C. oleifera product brands， cultivating C. oleifera product brands， implementing brand strategies and implementing industrialized operations can push C. oleifera products into the international market， which is of great significance to the sustainable development of C. oleifera. Status of C. oleifera standardization
In recent years， governments at all levels have paid more and more attention to the development of the C. oleifera industry， and the enthusiasm for the development of the C. oleifera industry across the country has generally increased. The development of C. oleifera production has put forward more standardized requirements for the varieties of C. oleifera， intensive management technology， processing technology， and product quality， and promotes the C. oleifera industry to standardization.
The standardization of C. oleifera in China started late. In 1986， the National Camellia oleifera Research Collaboration Group formulated the National Criteria and Methods for the Selection and Identification of Improved Camellia oleifera Varieties， Excellent Families and Clones. Since then， the C. oleifera standard system has been continuously improved， and the C. oleifera industry has gradually entered the era of standardization work. There are 88 standards of C. oleifera in China， including 5 national standards， 29 industrial standards， and 54 local standards. These standards involve all aspects of C. oleifera production， including C. oleifera breeding， propagation， tending management， fruit collection and product processing[12].
Rui WANG et al. Construction of Camellia oleifera Cultivation Standardization System
Construction Thoughts of C. oleifera Cultivation Standardization
Standardization system construction principles
The construction of the C. oleifera cultivation standardization system needs to follow four principles： dividing the suitable cultivation areas according to the natural distribution of C. oleifera， formulating the corresponding cultivation zones according to the adaptability of species and varieties， formulating corresponding cultivation measures according to certain business purposes， and formulating cultivation techniques according to the growth characteristics and annual cycle of C. oleifera.
Publicizing and implementation of cultivation technology standards
The formulation of standards is the first step in the standardization system. It is necessary to enable the technical personnel and forest farmers to understand standardization and finally master and apply standardization through various methods such as publicity， training and establishment of a standard model base.
Standards and science dissemination
The establishment of C. oleifera standards is just the beginning of C. oleifera standardization. To convert the implementation of the standards into the conscious actions of the majority of farmers， it is necessary to strengthen the awareness of standardization and popularize standardization knowledge. At present， standardization is an extremely strange thing for most forest farmers， and even scientific and technical personnel know very little about this. The significance of standardization has not been recognized by all sectors of society. The first task of doing a good job in promotion and implementation is to strengthen the propaganda of the standardization work of C. oleifera. It is necessary to make full use of publicity means such as radio， television and newspapers， and conduct extensive propaganda and guidance through various types of news media to form an atmosphere of understanding， awareness and mastery of forestry standardization in the whole society. Standard promotion and demonstration
The establishment of the C. oleifera standardization demonstration zones is an important measure to promote the standardized production of C. oleifera. It is necessary to give full play to the radiating effect of C. oleifera standardized production demonstration areas， so as to further actively promote various operating modes such as "company+base+standard+farmers" throughout the country[13-15]， implement C. oleifera standards， implement standardized management， explore the scientific management and operation mechanism of the demonstration area， and promote the effective combination of the construction of the demonstration area with the quality and safety management and quality certification of agricultural products. We should carry out standardization research and demonstration at the place where the C. oleifera standardization demonstration area is located， establish related technical regulations and standards for the C. oleifera industry， and overcome technical problems in the cultivation of fine seedlings， transformation of low-yield forests， tending management， and harvesting， processing， and utilization of by-products， so that the production and operation of C. oleifera can follow and implement standards and can be checked and accepted according to the standards. In the construction of standardization demonstration zones， we must adhere to the national and provincial agricultural standardization demonstration zones as the basis and give full play to the leading role of the leading companies in the industrialization of C. oleifera.
Technical training of standards
Because forestry has been in the extensive management stage for a long time， a thinking habit based on experience management has been formed in the industry， and there is insufficient understanding of standardization and refined management. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen the training of standards， so as to make the majority of forestry farmers and forestry management worker master the relevant technical regulations and quality standards through the printing and distribution of relevant materials， teaching of training courses and supply of forestry science and technology to the countryside and continuously improve the standardized forestry production level.
Standardization of C. oleifera cultivation technology
The related industry standards of C. oleifera cultivation techniques are Technical Regulations for Camellia oleifera Plantation （LY/T 1328-2015）， Technical Regulations for Fertilization on Camellia oleifera （LY/T 2750-2016）， Testing Method of Yield Determination on Oil-tea Cammllia Plantation （LY/T 2116-2013）， Reconstruction Technique on Low-yield Stands of Camellia oleifera （LY/T 1935-2011）， etc. The local standards include Technical Regulations for planting Tea-oil Trees （DB43/T725-2012）， Rules for the Production Technology of Se Enriched Oil-tea （DB43/T 821-2013）， Operation Technical Procedures of Cammllia Mechanization Planting （DB43/T 1015-2015）， etc. According to the growth characteristics of C. oleifera and the purpose of management， the cultivation technology is divided into two levels： the key link and the secondary link.
The key links of C. oleifera cultivation technology standardization are indispensable， mainly such six key links as forest land selection， seedling selection， afforestation technology， fertilization technology， tree cultivation technology and timely harvesting[16-18].
The secondary links of C. oleifera cultivation technology standardization mainly include mechanized operation technology， disease and pest control technology， compound management technology， surface cover technology， low-yielding forest transformation technology， etc.[16-18].
Prospects
With the development of the C. oleifera industry， especially the effects of targeted poverty alleviation getting increasingly apparent， governments at all levels have paid more and more attention to the development of the C. oleifera industry， and forest farmers have become more enthusiastic about developing C. oleifera. In order to ensure the healthy development of the C. oleifera industry， efforts should be made to strengthen the C. oleifera standardization system. The standardization of the C. oleifera industry must realize the transformation from extensive management to intensive operation. Every process of the C. oleifera industry， including seedling breeding， C. oleifera cultivation and harvesting of C. oleifera， and every production link of processing and marketing should be included in the standardization system. It can be said that without the standardization of C. oleifera， there would be no industrialization of C. oleifera. Standardization is the foundation of the C. oleifera industrialization and the premise for the C. oleifera production to get rid of extensive management. Therefore， the implementation of C. oleifera standards should be strengthened in all processes of C. oleifera production.
References
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[2] CHEN YZ. Excellent Camellia oleifera germplasm resources[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House， 2008： 1-3. （in Chinese）
[3] HU FM， LI JA， LYU FD， et al. Current situation and development strategies of Camellia oleifera industrialization in Hunan Province [J]. Nonwood Forest Research， 2009， 27（4）： 121-125. （in Chinese）
[4] CHEN YZ. Practical techniques for high-yield cultivation of Camellia oleifera[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House， 2008：1-3. （in Chinese） [5] CHEN YZ， YANG XH， PENG SF， et al. Research status and development strategy of Camellia oleifera breeding in China[J]. China Forestry Science and Technology， 2005， 19（4）： 1-4. （in Chinese）
[6] CHEN YZ， LUO J， WANG R， et al. China Camellia oleifera Industry Development Status and Prospect[J]. Grain Science and Technology and Economy， 2013， 38（1）： 10-12. （in Chinese）
[7] WANG R， CHEN YZ. Development status and promotion ideas of camellia oleifera industry in China[J]. ：China Forestry Science and Technology， 2015， 29（4）： 6-10. （in Chinese）
[8] ZHANG JG. Problems and development strategy of forestry standardization in China[J]. Rural Economy， 2004， 6（2）： 38-40， 56. （in Chinese）
[9] LIN QS. Standardization： the foundation of sustainable forestry development[J]. Forestry Economics， 2003（11）： 53-54. （in Chinese）
[10] CHENG J. Qin Shihuang pioneered standard production[J]. China State Finance， 2009， 14（2）： 54. （in Chinese）
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[12] CHEN YZ， DENG SH， CHEN LS， et al. New discussion on the development of Camellia oleifera industry[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University： Natural Sciences， 2020， 44（1）： 1-10.
[13] CAI T， YAN Q. Vigorously promote agricultural standardization and enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences， 2005， 33（3）： 108-110.
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[16] CHEN YZ. Camellia oleifera cultivation technology[M]. Changsha： Hunan Science&Technology Press， 2008.
[17] CHEN YZ. High-yielding Camellia oleifera cultivation technology[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House， 2008.
[18] CHEN YZ， YANG ZH. Camellia oleifera tree cultivation technology[M]. Beijing： China Forestry Publishing House， 2012.
Key words Camellia oleifera; Cultivation; Standardization; Development ideas
Camellia oleifera is a unique woody edible oil tree species in China. It is also known as the worlds four major woody oil plants with olive oil， oil palm and coconut[1-7]. In September 2016， the National Development and Reform Plan for Bulk Oil Crops （2016-2020）， jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission， the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Forestry Administration， listed C. oleifera along with soybean， rape and peanut as the main force in Chinas oil plant production. Therefore， the development of the C. oleifera industry is of great significance in ensuring the national grain and oil safety， improving the self-sufficiency level of edible vegetable oil， improving the food consumption structure and promoting the income of farmers in mountainous areas. Since the 2008 National Camellia Industry Development Conference， the country has attached great importance to making the C. oleifera industry into a fast track for development. The total area of C. oleifera forests has reached 4.4 million hectares， the annual output of tea oil has exceeded 630 000 tons， and the annual total output value has exceeded 100 billion， showing the huge potential of the C. oleifera industry.
With the development of Chinas socialist market economy， peoples living standards have changed from a quantitative type in the stage of subsistence to a quality type in the fairly well-off stage. Safe， high-quality and nutritious edible vegetable oils will achieve greater economic and social benefits. In particular， after Chinas entry into the WTO， as the threshold of "green barriers" continues to increase， foreign vegetable oils flood into the China， and market competition will become increasingly fierce. It is imminent to implement standardized production of C. oleifera and improve the quality and competitiveness of C. oleifera. Standardized Background
Definition of standardization
The definitions under GB/T 20000.1-2002 Guidelines for standardization—Part 1： Standardization and related activities—General vocabulary and ISO/IEC Guide 2： 1996， Standardization and related activities—General vocabulary： The activity of establishing common use and reuse clauses for real or potential problems， in order to obtain the best order in a certain range. Standardization is a scientific activity and a normative process. The purpose of standardization activities is to obtain the best order within a certain range and maximize the benefits by establishing the best order.
Forestry standardization refers to the standardization activities related to forestry. It is the entire pre-， mid-， and post-production process of forestry production applying the standardization principles. Best economical， social and ecological benefits can be achieved through the formulation and implementation of standards and standardized production process. The implementation of forestry standardization will surely play a role in guiding production， guiding consumption and regulating the market. It will also promote the improvement of product quality and the improvement of peoples living standards[8].
The C. oleifera industry standardization refers to C. oleifera cultivation， harvesting， production， processing， packaging， circulation and related standard systems and the application of these systems， covering the entire pre-， middle-， and post-production process of C. oleifera production， enabling forest farmers to plant C. oleifera according to standards. The distributors can purchase and sell C. oleifera seedlings， cuttings and their products according to the standards. The quality control personnel inspect the planted and processed products according to the standards. The processing enterprises implement the operations according to the standards， so that the C. oleifera cultivation and processing enterprises can produce products that meet the standards， and the standardization management of the entire "mountain-to-table" process can be realized[9].
The development history of standardization
The origin of Chinas standardized production can be traced back to the pre-Qin period of ancient China. In the Qin Shihuang era， unified measurement， currency and words were the most primitive standardization models. Thousands of bronze weapons unearthed from the Qin Shihuangs Tomb and Army Vaults show the superb craftsmanship of bronze production under the standardized management mode of the Qin Dynasty， which is the earliest record of standardized production in China[10]. After the founding of New China， especially after the reform and opening up， the central government attached great importance to standardization construction. The Standardization Law of the Peoples Republic of China was revised and adopted by the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Seventh National Peoples Congress of the Peoples Republic of China on December 29， 1988， and came into effect on April 1， 1989 and was revised on November 4， 2017. China has implemented forestry standardization since 1952. For decades， many standards have been formulated around the development of the national economy in the aspects of timber， seedlings， forestry machinery， afforestation machinery， afforestation， and forestry management. These standards cover the main technical links and main contents of forestry production. The framework of the forestry standard system has been initially formed and has played an active role in forestry production. In order to promote forestry standardization， the State Forestry Administration formulated the Forestry Standardization Management Measures in 2003. In 2016， the State Forestry Administration established a standardization work leading group. In the same year， the State Forestry Administration issued the "13th Five-Year Plan" for Forestry Standardization.
The Necessity of C. oleifera Cultivation Standardization
C. oleifera cultivation has a history of more than 2 300 years， and it was in a state of extensive operation for a long time before. Since 2008， the C. oleifera industry has entered the fast track of development. The promotion and application of C. oleifera varieties has significantly increased the yield per unit area of C. oleifera， from 45 to 75 kg/hm2 in the past to 450 kg/hm2， and many high-yield models above 750 kg/hm2 have appeared. However， because many growers still follow the traditional experience to carry out production activities， they fail to achieve the expected goals of high yield and efficiency. Therefore， the popularization of mature C. oleifera cultivation technology into production through standards and standardized forms is beneficial to the healthy and orderly development of C. oleifera industry.
Cultivation standardization is the need to improve the overall management of C. oleifera
The C. oleifera industry is both a traditional industry and a rising industry. During the development process， there have been some key technical bottlenecks， such as extensive management of camellia tea， lack of uniform technical standards， blind and chaotic production， and the phenomenon of "planting the plants when seeing the seedlings as soon as possible and allowing the plants to grow naturally without scientific management"， and the key to solving these technical bottlenecks lies in standardization. With the help of the standardization of the C. oleifera industry， the C. oleifera industry may break away from the traditional technology， and face high-tech science and technology. New standards that meet the high-tech and industrial development of C. oleifera should be formulated[11]. Cultivation standardization is the need to improve production efficiency and reduce costs
Standards are based on production practices and scientific research. Implementing standards can reduce costs， increase economic benefits， and make better use of the ecological and social benefits of C. oleifera. For example， strict selection of forest land and improved seedlings will increase the survival rate of afforestation; accurate soil fertilization according to the standards can reduce fertilization costs and environmental pollution; and implementing technical standards for C. oleifera cultivation and growing C. oleifera according to "good variety+good method" can ensure the income period of more than 50 years， and simultaneously improve the ecological environment and increase the income of forest farmers.
Cultivation standardization is the need to give full play to the potential of increasing yield of C. oleifera
In recent years， although good varieties have been applied， but there is no supporting high-yield cultivation technology. Under this situation， not only cannot C. oleiferas potential for increasing yield be fully played， but also the cultivars will quickly degrade into low-yield and low-efficiency forests， all of which seriously affect the enthusiasm of the masses for the development of C. oleifera and hinder the process of C. oleifera production and industrialization. If high standards of high-yield demonstration base construction and supporting efficient horticultural cultivation techniques are adopted， the productivity level of C. oleifera can be fully utilized and the yield per unit area can be increased， so that the oil yield of C. oleifera can reach more than 750 kg/hm2， which is 9 times higher than the average yield of large-area low-yield forest （75 kg/hm2）. Therefore， in order to achieve high yield and stable yield of C. oleifera， it is necessary to realize horticultural and standardized cultivation techniques from the whole planting process such as scientific land selection， planning， land preparation， scientific configuration of good varieties， large container seedlings， tree cultivation， formula fertilization and tea seed grading.
Cultivation standardization is the need to promote the mechanization of C. oleifera cultivation technology
Improving the mechanization degree of C. oleifera cultivation is an inevitable choice for standardized cultivation of C. oleifera. With the goal of achieving mechanization， large-scale production and high yield and efficiency， on the one hand， we must strengthen the optimization and research and development of mechanized equipment such as C. oleifera tending， picking， and shelling equipment; and on the other hand， it is necessary to study various types of supporting high-yield cultivation standardization techniques suitable for mechanized land preparation， afforestation， tending， and picking， such as tree bodies and stand structures suitable for mechanization， flowering regulation， and water and nutrient precision regulation. Combining various types of C. oleifera machinery with supporting high-yield cultivation standardization technology， a complete set of standardization technological model for mechanized C. oleifera cultivation should be established. Cultivation standardization is the need to promote the transformation of the scientific and technological achievements of C. oleifera
The standardization of C. oleifera has a significant role in promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces， especially for the development and utilization of C. oleifera technological achievements and its industrialization. Strengthening the standardization of C. oleifera can speed up the promotion and application of scientific and technological achievements， improve the quality and efficiency of C. oleifera products， and accelerate the scale， modernization and standardization of C. oleifera.
Cultivation standardization is needed to further improve the yield and quality of C. oleifera
The lack of standardization in the development of the C. oleifera industry restricts the healthy development of the industry. For instance， the lack of technical standards results in uneven seedlings， low afforestation survival rates， and inadequate tending management， which ultimately leads to generally low yields; the lack of product quality standards results in poor quality of seedlings， cuttings and tea oil; and the lack of special standardized new processing technology and equipment that meet the characteristics of C. oleifera results in low utilization of by-products. Therefore， the development of the C. oleifera industry calls for standardization， because standards are the prerequisite for quality. Without production technology and product technical standards， it is impossible to achieve a qualitative leap in the yield and quality of C. oleifera.
Cultivation standardization is the need to improve market competitiveness and expand capacity
After Chinas entry into the WTO， C. oleifera products are not only facing competition in the domestic market， but also facing fierce competition in the international market. At present， tea oil leading companies continue to emerge， Linzhishen， Dasanxiang and other tea oil brands stars. The competition of C. oleifera products is， in the final analysis， the competition of product technological content， the competition of product quality and brand. Establishing the C. oleifera industry standardization system， launching C. oleifera product brands， cultivating C. oleifera product brands， implementing brand strategies and implementing industrialized operations can push C. oleifera products into the international market， which is of great significance to the sustainable development of C. oleifera. Status of C. oleifera standardization
In recent years， governments at all levels have paid more and more attention to the development of the C. oleifera industry， and the enthusiasm for the development of the C. oleifera industry across the country has generally increased. The development of C. oleifera production has put forward more standardized requirements for the varieties of C. oleifera， intensive management technology， processing technology， and product quality， and promotes the C. oleifera industry to standardization.
The standardization of C. oleifera in China started late. In 1986， the National Camellia oleifera Research Collaboration Group formulated the National Criteria and Methods for the Selection and Identification of Improved Camellia oleifera Varieties， Excellent Families and Clones. Since then， the C. oleifera standard system has been continuously improved， and the C. oleifera industry has gradually entered the era of standardization work. There are 88 standards of C. oleifera in China， including 5 national standards， 29 industrial standards， and 54 local standards. These standards involve all aspects of C. oleifera production， including C. oleifera breeding， propagation， tending management， fruit collection and product processing[12].
Rui WANG et al. Construction of Camellia oleifera Cultivation Standardization System
Construction Thoughts of C. oleifera Cultivation Standardization
Standardization system construction principles
The construction of the C. oleifera cultivation standardization system needs to follow four principles： dividing the suitable cultivation areas according to the natural distribution of C. oleifera， formulating the corresponding cultivation zones according to the adaptability of species and varieties， formulating corresponding cultivation measures according to certain business purposes， and formulating cultivation techniques according to the growth characteristics and annual cycle of C. oleifera.
Publicizing and implementation of cultivation technology standards
The formulation of standards is the first step in the standardization system. It is necessary to enable the technical personnel and forest farmers to understand standardization and finally master and apply standardization through various methods such as publicity， training and establishment of a standard model base.
Standards and science dissemination
The establishment of C. oleifera standards is just the beginning of C. oleifera standardization. To convert the implementation of the standards into the conscious actions of the majority of farmers， it is necessary to strengthen the awareness of standardization and popularize standardization knowledge. At present， standardization is an extremely strange thing for most forest farmers， and even scientific and technical personnel know very little about this. The significance of standardization has not been recognized by all sectors of society. The first task of doing a good job in promotion and implementation is to strengthen the propaganda of the standardization work of C. oleifera. It is necessary to make full use of publicity means such as radio， television and newspapers， and conduct extensive propaganda and guidance through various types of news media to form an atmosphere of understanding， awareness and mastery of forestry standardization in the whole society. Standard promotion and demonstration
The establishment of the C. oleifera standardization demonstration zones is an important measure to promote the standardized production of C. oleifera. It is necessary to give full play to the radiating effect of C. oleifera standardized production demonstration areas， so as to further actively promote various operating modes such as "company+base+standard+farmers" throughout the country[13-15]， implement C. oleifera standards， implement standardized management， explore the scientific management and operation mechanism of the demonstration area， and promote the effective combination of the construction of the demonstration area with the quality and safety management and quality certification of agricultural products. We should carry out standardization research and demonstration at the place where the C. oleifera standardization demonstration area is located， establish related technical regulations and standards for the C. oleifera industry， and overcome technical problems in the cultivation of fine seedlings， transformation of low-yield forests， tending management， and harvesting， processing， and utilization of by-products， so that the production and operation of C. oleifera can follow and implement standards and can be checked and accepted according to the standards. In the construction of standardization demonstration zones， we must adhere to the national and provincial agricultural standardization demonstration zones as the basis and give full play to the leading role of the leading companies in the industrialization of C. oleifera.
Technical training of standards
Because forestry has been in the extensive management stage for a long time， a thinking habit based on experience management has been formed in the industry， and there is insufficient understanding of standardization and refined management. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen the training of standards， so as to make the majority of forestry farmers and forestry management worker master the relevant technical regulations and quality standards through the printing and distribution of relevant materials， teaching of training courses and supply of forestry science and technology to the countryside and continuously improve the standardized forestry production level.
Standardization of C. oleifera cultivation technology
The related industry standards of C. oleifera cultivation techniques are Technical Regulations for Camellia oleifera Plantation （LY/T 1328-2015）， Technical Regulations for Fertilization on Camellia oleifera （LY/T 2750-2016）， Testing Method of Yield Determination on Oil-tea Cammllia Plantation （LY/T 2116-2013）， Reconstruction Technique on Low-yield Stands of Camellia oleifera （LY/T 1935-2011）， etc. The local standards include Technical Regulations for planting Tea-oil Trees （DB43/T725-2012）， Rules for the Production Technology of Se Enriched Oil-tea （DB43/T 821-2013）， Operation Technical Procedures of Cammllia Mechanization Planting （DB43/T 1015-2015）， etc. According to the growth characteristics of C. oleifera and the purpose of management， the cultivation technology is divided into two levels： the key link and the secondary link.
The key links of C. oleifera cultivation technology standardization are indispensable， mainly such six key links as forest land selection， seedling selection， afforestation technology， fertilization technology， tree cultivation technology and timely harvesting[16-18].
The secondary links of C. oleifera cultivation technology standardization mainly include mechanized operation technology， disease and pest control technology， compound management technology， surface cover technology， low-yielding forest transformation technology， etc.[16-18].
Prospects
With the development of the C. oleifera industry， especially the effects of targeted poverty alleviation getting increasingly apparent， governments at all levels have paid more and more attention to the development of the C. oleifera industry， and forest farmers have become more enthusiastic about developing C. oleifera. In order to ensure the healthy development of the C. oleifera industry， efforts should be made to strengthen the C. oleifera standardization system. The standardization of the C. oleifera industry must realize the transformation from extensive management to intensive operation. Every process of the C. oleifera industry， including seedling breeding， C. oleifera cultivation and harvesting of C. oleifera， and every production link of processing and marketing should be included in the standardization system. It can be said that without the standardization of C. oleifera， there would be no industrialization of C. oleifera. Standardization is the foundation of the C. oleifera industrialization and the premise for the C. oleifera production to get rid of extensive management. Therefore， the implementation of C. oleifera standards should be strengthened in all processes of C. oleifera production.
References
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