试论晚清直隶总督参与外交·张振昆鸟这里所说的“外交”，具有特定的含义。这里说的不是地方性的对外交涉。地方性的对外交涉权是清朝晚期全国所有地方督抚所共有的，每一个地方督抚都有权亲自或督率有关僚属办理其辖区内有关洋务、外贸等事的交涉，这也是他们的职责；直... On the late Qing governor Chihli to participate in diplomacy, “the diplomatic” Zhang Kun said here, has a specific meaning. What I’m talking about here is not local diplomacy. Local diplomatic power is shared by all local governors and governors in the latter part of the Qing Dynasty. Each local governor has the right to personally or govern the relevant bureaucrats to handle the foreign affairs and foreign trade affairs in their own jurisdiction. It is also their duty ...