As part of a large reciprocal learning partnership project between Canada and China,this study explored Canadian teachers'perceptions of mathematics teaching in elementary schools in China.Using reciprocal learning and Activity Theory as the theoretical lens,we collected data,i.e.,classroom observations,group discussion,and informal exchanges from teachers in a pair of research sister-schools in Canada and China.Qualitative data analyses revealed four themes in Canadian teachers'perceptions of the characteristics of Chinese mathematics teaching:an active teacher-student interaction model of questioning-responding,a mathematical knowledge-package summary at the end of each lesson,integration of the history of mathematics into teaching,and the development and implementation of well-structured lessons.Contributions,implications,and limitations of the study in mathematics education and research are discussed.