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政治恩赐制是中世纪及近代英国任用官员的主要方式,它表现为君主以恩赐方式将宫廷及政府官职授予其信任的贵族。在都铎王朝之前,由于贵族与君主之间的冲突不断,英国君主在任命官员时缺乏完全的自主权,贵族通过与君主争夺官员的任命权来抗衡君主。都铎王朝建立之后,随着王权的加强,作为恩赐者的君主完全掌握了官员任命权,通过恩赐制吸纳贵族协助其治理国家。与此同时,随着贵族势力的削弱,在宫廷及政府官员的任命权上,贵族的发言权丧失殆尽;这促使贵族官员主动通过恩赐制,将自身利益与国家利益结合,与王权的关系从对抗走向合作。由此,都铎王朝出现了较为稳定的政治局面。
The system of political gifts is the main method of appointing officials in the Middle Ages and in modern England. It manifests as the noble who gives the court and the government officials the gift of trust by the monarch. Prior to the Tudor dynasties, due to the constant clashes between aristocrats and monarchs, British monarchs lacked full autonomy in appointing officials, and aristocrats contested monarchies by competing with monarchs for appointment of officials. After the establishment of the Tudor dynasty, with the strengthening of the monarchy, the monarch as a gift-taker fully grasped the appointment of officials and recruited nobility to assist him in governing the country through a gift system. At the same time, as the power of the aristocrats weakened, the nobles’ voices were lost in the appointment of the court and government officials; this prompted the aristocratic officials to voluntarily pass the gift system, combine their own interests with the national interests and with the royal power From confrontation to cooperation. As a result, Tudor dynasties appeared a more stable political situation.