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在古代汉语中,第三人称代词“其”不但可以作领属性的定语,还经常作主谓词组或分句的主语。例如: (1)工欲善其事,必先利其器。(论语·卫灵公) (2)百姓皆闻其贤,未知其死也。(史记·陈涉世家) (3)我退而楚还,我将何求!若其不还,君退臣犯,曲在彼矣。(左传·僖公二十八年)例(1)的两个“其”都充当定语,例(2)的两个“其”都充当主谓词组的主语,例(3)的“其”充当分句的主语。这些本来都不难理解和掌握,但是当“其”字充当主谓词组或分句的受动主语时,就往往发生理解上的错误。先看两个例子: (4)故谋用是作,而兵由此起。汤禹文武成王周公,由此其选也。(礼记·礼运)王力先生主编的《古代汉语》注释这句说:“大意是:禹汤文武成王周公因此成为三代诸王中的杰出人物。选,指选拔出来的人物,也就是杰出的人物。”(见该书1981年修订本第一册210页注[13]),这条注释所讲的大意不是错的,但把“选”注作指“杰出的人物”,显然是把它看作名词了,可是又讲作“成为……杰出的人物”,似乎又活用作动词了。这种讲法过于迂曲,也不甚明确。 (5)老臣以媪为长安君计短也,故以为其爱不若燕后。(战国策·赵策)
In ancient Chinese, the third-person pronoun “its” not only serves as a natural attribute, but also often serves as the subject of predicate phrases or clauses. For example: (1) Workers want good things, must first sharpen his device. (The Analects of Confucius Wei Ling) (2) people are heard of their Yin, unknown death also. (Historical Records Chenshe family) (3) I retreat Chu also, I will beg! If not, Jun reprieve, song in his carry on. (Zuo Xi 僖 public twenty-eight years) Example (1) of the two “its” are used as attributive, two (2) of the “two” are the subject of the predicate phrase subject (3) of “its ”Act as a clause of the subject. These are not difficult to understand and master, but often misunderstandings occur when the “its” character acts as the subject of action for predicate predicates or clauses. Look at two examples: (4) The plan is to make use of, and soldiers from the beginning. Tang Yuwen Wu Cheng Wang Zhougong, which election also. (Book of Rites, Li Yun) Wang Li, edited by the ancient Chinese commentary This sentence said: “The effect is: Yu Tang Wenwu Cheng Wang Zhou Gong became the three generations of kings of the outstanding figures. Selected, refers to the selected person, also Is an outstanding person. ”(See Book 1981, Book 1, p. 210, ref. [13]). This commentary does not make the slightest mistake, but“ election ”is used to refer to“ outstanding person ” Obviously it is regarded as a noun, but again as “to become ... outstanding figure,” seems to be alive as a verb. This statement is too tortuous, not very clear. (5) veteran in order to 媪 Chang An-jun short, so that if the love is not swallowed. (Warring Zhao policy)