一、问题的提出督抚制度是明清两代独有的地方政治制度,迄今为止,不少学者认为,明代督抚是“因事而派,事毕而返”的临时性地方官员,直至清代才成为固定设置于一方的最高地方长官——封疆大吏。《清朝文献通考》的编撰者说:“明之巡抚多寡无定,有一布政司之地多。至数巡抚者。有事则设,无事则罢,但为持节奉使之臣。”清末人郭松焘指出:“终明之世,以十三布政使为定员而总督、巡抚或分或并,或设或罢,大率与兵事相始终。”这些观点一直为今人所沿用。中国人民大学戴逸先生主编的《简明清史》也以为:“督抚在明朝是临时派遣的,清朝成为固定的封疆大吏。”台湾学者朱沛莲先生在其所著《清代的总督与巡抚》一书的序言中认为:“有明一代以三司官员负责各省庶政,刑名,兵马事宜,嗣后各地发生变化及边疆多 First, the issue raised Governor system is the unique local political system of Ming and Qing dynasties, so far, many scholars believe that the governor of the Ming Dynasty is “a temporary assignment due to events, things go” temporary local officials until the Qing Dynasty It became the highest place fixedly set on one side Executive - Frontier Dali. The author of the “Qing Dynasty Literature Examination” said: “The governor of the Ming Dynasty has more or less the same number of governors. There is more than one chief justice place to the number of governors. Guo Songtao pointed out: ”In the final stage of the Ming dynasty, the Governor and governor were appointed as governors and governors by the Thirteen Chief Executives. The “Brief History of Qing Dynasty” edited by Dai Yi of Renmin University of China also thought: “The governor was sent temporarily in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty became a fixed leader of the Territory.” Mr. Zhu Peilian, a Taiwan scholar, in his book The Governor and the Governor of the Qing Dynasty, The book preface says: "There are a generation of officials from three generations in charge of the governor of politics, criminal names, soldiers and horses issues in various provinces, subsequent changes in various places and the border more