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[摘要]目的 探討p16/Ki-67双染对细胞学异常孕妇产后组织学结果的预测价值。方法 选取本院宫颈脱落细胞异常的孕早期妇女53例,行p16/Ki-67双染,并随访其产后组织学结果,对p16/Ki-67双染与细胞学、组织学诊断的相关性进行统计学分析。结果 由于孕期相关改变,有10例细胞学诊断为不典型鳞状细胞-倾向高度鳞状上皮内病变(ASC-H)或高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL),随访其组织学诊断为低度上皮内病变或宫颈炎,过诊断比例高达48%。过诊断10例孕妇其p16/Ki-67双染结果除2例因技术问题不能明确外,其余8例双染结果均为阴性;30例双染阳性者产后随访除1例组织学诊断为低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)外,其余均为HSIL。产后组织学和p16/Ki-67双染结果呈正相关关系(r=0.530,P<0.001),p16/Ki-67双染诊断的灵敏度和特异度分别为69.2%和90.0%。结论 p16/Ki-67双染可通过排除细胞学异常孕妇中非HSIL的病例,提高孕期细胞学检查的特异性,从而有效提高产前宫颈细胞学筛查效率。
[关键词]周期素依赖激酶抑制剂p16;Ki-67抗原;染色与标记;宫颈上皮内瘤样病变;孕妇;预测
[中图分类号]R737.33
[文献标志码]A
[文章编号]2096-5532(2021)02-0290-04
[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the value of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining in predicting the postpartum outcome of pregnant women with abnormal cytology. Methods A total of 53 women in early pregnancy who had abnormal cervical exfoliated cells in our hospital were enrolled, and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining was performed for all women. The women were followed up to obtain postpartum histological results, and a statistical analysis was performed to investigate the correlation of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining with cytological and histological diagnoses. Results Due to related changes during pregnancy, 10 women had a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and follow-up examination showed a histological diagnosis of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or cervicitis, with an overdiagnosis rate of 48%. Among the 10 pregnant women with overdiagnosis, 2 had unclear results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining due to technical issues and 8 had negative results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining; among the 30 women with positive results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining, 1 had a histological diagnosis of LSIL and 29 had HSIL. There was a positive correlation between postpartum histology and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining (r=0.530,P<0.001), and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining had a sensitivity of 69.2% and a specificity of 90.0% in diagnosis. Conclusion The p16/Ki-67 dual-staining can improve the specificity of cytological examination during pregnancy and effectively improve the efficiency of prenatal cervical cytological screening by excluding non-HSIL cases from the pregnant women with abnormal prenatal cytology.
[KEY WORDS]cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16; Ki-67 antigen; staining and labeling; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; pregnant women; forecasting 宫颈液基细胞学检查是产前体检中的一项常规检测,细胞学涂片检查异常在妊娠期间常被诊断,但诊断的准确性可能会因妊娠相关改变而降低[1]。诊断的不确定性和是否需要进一步的临床干预常困扰着产科医生,并增加了孕妇的心理压力。目前,宫颈癌筛查正由细胞形态筛查转向以高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV)为基础的分子学筛查[2-3],其中重要的进展之一是应用免疫组织化学方法同时定性检测P16和Ki-67[4-7]。到目前为止,还没有关于这一方法用于产前检查方面的报道。本研究通过分析双染结果与产后组织学诊断的一致性,来评价p16/Ki-67双染对细胞学异常孕妇产后组织学结果的预测价值。现将结果报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
2018年5月—2019年2月,选取在我院行宫颈脱落细胞涂片检查结果异常的孕早期(孕17周前)妇女53例,年龄21~34岁,中位年龄26岁。本组孕妇均作进一步的临床评估,进行阴道镜检查并取样脱落细胞,每月重复一次阴道镜检查,排除进展和侵袭。产后6周行阴道镜检查,行宫颈活检并送病理检查。
1.2 细胞学和组织学诊断
所有细胞学玻片均由两名高年资细胞病理医师进行重复检查,其诊断分为低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)、高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)、不典型鳞状细胞-倾向高度鳞状上皮内病变(ASC-H)和不典型鳞状细胞(ASC-US)。活检标本由两名高年资病理医师在不知原细胞学诊断的情况下进行病理诊断,分为无宫颈上皮内瘤变(无CIN)、宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅰ级(CIN1)、宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅱ级(CIN2)和宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅲ级(CIN3)。
1.3 p16/Ki-67双染
对原液基细胞学玻片进行褪色处理并行免疫组织化学染色。使用CINtec plus细胞学试剂盒(罗氏公司,p16(克隆系E6H4)和Ki-67(克隆系274-11 AC3)混合后的鸡尾酒抗体),根据制造商的说明使用自动染色机进行检测。免疫组织化学染色结果判断参考文献方法[8]:细胞质和(或)细胞核棕色染色表示p16过表达,细胞核红色染色表示Ki-67过表达。在同一个细胞中同时存在特异性棕色胞质染色和特异性红色胞核染色,结果为阳性;若无细胞内染色,或同一细胞内仅有一种标记物有免疫反应性(仅棕色胞浆染色或仅红色胞核染色),结果为阴性[9]。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学处理,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,产后组织学和p16/Ki-67双染结果相关性分析采用Spearman秩相关分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
所有孕妇产前阴道镜检查结果满意,无宫颈侵犯及进展迹象,均生产一名健康的婴儿。
2.1 产前p16/Ki-67双染与产后组织学结果关系
由于技术问题,10例p16/Ki-67双染无法评价(染色过程中盖玻片滑落和细胞褪色可能会影响染色的质量,导致染色不充分和不确定)。其余43例中,p16/Ki-67双染阳性30例,阴性13例。30例双染阳性者产后组织学诊断为CIN1者3例(10.0%),CIN2者7例(23.3%),CIN3者20例(66.7%);13例双染阴性者产后组织学诊断为无CIN者9例(69.2%),CIN1者4例(30.8%)。4组不同组织学级别病人雙染阳性率比较差异具有显著性(χ2=44.174,P<0.001),产后组织学和p16/Ki-67双染结果间的列联系数为0.669,二者之间存在显著正相关关系(r=0.530,P<0.001)。p16/Ki-67双染诊断CIN2+CIN3的灵敏度和特异度分别为69.2%(27/32)和90.0%(27/30)。见表1。
2.2 CIN1和无CIN孕妇产前p16/Ki-67双染与细胞学诊断的关系
本组产后组织学诊断为CIN1和无CIN孕妇共21例,其中细胞学诊断为ASC-H或HSIL者共10例,过诊断的比例高达48%。过诊断10例孕妇其p16/Ki-67双染结果除2例因技术问题不能明确外,其余8例双染结果均为阴性。见表2。
3 讨 论
宫颈细胞学检查是一种敏感性和特异性有限的筛查方法[10],容易造成误诊以及漏诊[11-12]。FA-KHRELDIN等[13]研究显示,细胞学诊断ASC-US者,活检结果包括宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌。细胞学诊断ASC-H是一个不确定的高风险结果,需要病人做阴道镜及活检以进一步排查。虽然人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测增加了敏感性,但其特异性受到限制[14],难以将单纯病毒感染和趋向癌变准确区分开。宫颈癌的发展是一个由HPV感染到癌变的进展性过程[15],而年轻人群HPV一过性感染高发,多会自行消退而不进展为宫颈癌[16]。因此,需要一种高特异性的方法来辅助诊断,提高细胞学诊断的准确性。
在正常生理条件下,增殖标记物Ki-67和抗增殖标记物p16彼此相互排斥[17]。同一细胞内同时过表达Ki-67和p16与细胞周期调控失常有关,提示HPV的转化性感染[18],此时导致病变的细胞不断分裂且具有致癌潜能。故通过检测这两种标志物的共表达,可以获得高效的、与形态学无关的标记物,检出存在HSIL高风险的妇女[19-20]。多项国内外研究显示,p16/Ki-67双染对HSIL及宫颈癌的诊断具有较高的特异性[21-26]。
在大多数国家,妊娠早期的细胞学检查是常规产前筛查的一部分,而异常的宫颈细胞学检查结果可导致病人焦虑[27]。HPV感染在妊娠和产后可能消退、持续或进展,大多数细胞学涂片异常与LSIL有关且多数可以自行消退[28-30]。妊娠期间细胞学检查疑似HSIL的妇女推荐重复阴道镜检查。然而,由于生理妊娠的改变,细胞学检查的准确性可能会受到影响[30]。退变的蜕膜细胞或成簇的细胞滋养细胞可与HSIL宫颈细胞相似,基层医院可能将其判读为ASC-H或HSIL。孕期细胞形态学的多种改变给准确判读带来挑战,而诊断准确性降低导致对疾病严重程度的高估或低估。 宫颈上皮内瘤变是宫颈癌前病变的总称[31]。本研究对产前细胞学异常标本的回顾性分析显示,双染阳性与产后宫颈活检宫颈上皮内瘤变之间有显著的相关性,所有经组织学证实的产后CIN2或者CIN3病例除少数双染不能明确外,其余双染均为阳性。在CIN2以下病变中,有近一半细胞学诊断为ASC-H或HSIL,过诊断比例很高,其双染结果除2例不能明确外,其余8例双染结果均为阴性。提示通过双染排除非HSIL的病例,可提高细胞学检查的特异性,这对提高宫颈癌筛查的准确性具有一定的意义[32]。在细胞学检查难以判读的情况下,双染可以辅助诊断,改变孕期液基细胞学检查结果准确性不高的现状。因此,p16/Ki-67双染可帮助识别真正存在HSIL的孕妇,让实际没有病变的孕妇避免做活检,可能是进一步临床干预和产后组织学预测的一个很好的指标。样本量小、染色技术的问题使本研究结果受到限制,今后将进一步完善实验设计,如进行前瞻性研究及技术改进等,更好地研究p16/Ki-67双染细胞学的应用价值。
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(本文编辑 马伟平)
[关键词]周期素依赖激酶抑制剂p16;Ki-67抗原;染色与标记;宫颈上皮内瘤样病变;孕妇;预测
[中图分类号]R737.33
[文献标志码]A
[文章编号]2096-5532(2021)02-0290-04
[ABSTRACT]Objective To investigate the value of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining in predicting the postpartum outcome of pregnant women with abnormal cytology. Methods A total of 53 women in early pregnancy who had abnormal cervical exfoliated cells in our hospital were enrolled, and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining was performed for all women. The women were followed up to obtain postpartum histological results, and a statistical analysis was performed to investigate the correlation of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining with cytological and histological diagnoses. Results Due to related changes during pregnancy, 10 women had a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and follow-up examination showed a histological diagnosis of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or cervicitis, with an overdiagnosis rate of 48%. Among the 10 pregnant women with overdiagnosis, 2 had unclear results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining due to technical issues and 8 had negative results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining; among the 30 women with positive results of p16/Ki-67 dual-staining, 1 had a histological diagnosis of LSIL and 29 had HSIL. There was a positive correlation between postpartum histology and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining (r=0.530,P<0.001), and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining had a sensitivity of 69.2% and a specificity of 90.0% in diagnosis. Conclusion The p16/Ki-67 dual-staining can improve the specificity of cytological examination during pregnancy and effectively improve the efficiency of prenatal cervical cytological screening by excluding non-HSIL cases from the pregnant women with abnormal prenatal cytology.
[KEY WORDS]cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16; Ki-67 antigen; staining and labeling; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; pregnant women; forecasting 宫颈液基细胞学检查是产前体检中的一项常规检测,细胞学涂片检查异常在妊娠期间常被诊断,但诊断的准确性可能会因妊娠相关改变而降低[1]。诊断的不确定性和是否需要进一步的临床干预常困扰着产科医生,并增加了孕妇的心理压力。目前,宫颈癌筛查正由细胞形态筛查转向以高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HR-HPV)为基础的分子学筛查[2-3],其中重要的进展之一是应用免疫组织化学方法同时定性检测P16和Ki-67[4-7]。到目前为止,还没有关于这一方法用于产前检查方面的报道。本研究通过分析双染结果与产后组织学诊断的一致性,来评价p16/Ki-67双染对细胞学异常孕妇产后组织学结果的预测价值。现将结果报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
2018年5月—2019年2月,选取在我院行宫颈脱落细胞涂片检查结果异常的孕早期(孕17周前)妇女53例,年龄21~34岁,中位年龄26岁。本组孕妇均作进一步的临床评估,进行阴道镜检查并取样脱落细胞,每月重复一次阴道镜检查,排除进展和侵袭。产后6周行阴道镜检查,行宫颈活检并送病理检查。
1.2 细胞学和组织学诊断
所有细胞学玻片均由两名高年资细胞病理医师进行重复检查,其诊断分为低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)、高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)、不典型鳞状细胞-倾向高度鳞状上皮内病变(ASC-H)和不典型鳞状细胞(ASC-US)。活检标本由两名高年资病理医师在不知原细胞学诊断的情况下进行病理诊断,分为无宫颈上皮内瘤变(无CIN)、宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅰ级(CIN1)、宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅱ级(CIN2)和宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅲ级(CIN3)。
1.3 p16/Ki-67双染
对原液基细胞学玻片进行褪色处理并行免疫组织化学染色。使用CINtec plus细胞学试剂盒(罗氏公司,p16(克隆系E6H4)和Ki-67(克隆系274-11 AC3)混合后的鸡尾酒抗体),根据制造商的说明使用自动染色机进行检测。免疫组织化学染色结果判断参考文献方法[8]:细胞质和(或)细胞核棕色染色表示p16过表达,细胞核红色染色表示Ki-67过表达。在同一个细胞中同时存在特异性棕色胞质染色和特异性红色胞核染色,结果为阳性;若无细胞内染色,或同一细胞内仅有一种标记物有免疫反应性(仅棕色胞浆染色或仅红色胞核染色),结果为阴性[9]。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学处理,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,产后组织学和p16/Ki-67双染结果相关性分析采用Spearman秩相关分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结 果
所有孕妇产前阴道镜检查结果满意,无宫颈侵犯及进展迹象,均生产一名健康的婴儿。
2.1 产前p16/Ki-67双染与产后组织学结果关系
由于技术问题,10例p16/Ki-67双染无法评价(染色过程中盖玻片滑落和细胞褪色可能会影响染色的质量,导致染色不充分和不确定)。其余43例中,p16/Ki-67双染阳性30例,阴性13例。30例双染阳性者产后组织学诊断为CIN1者3例(10.0%),CIN2者7例(23.3%),CIN3者20例(66.7%);13例双染阴性者产后组织学诊断为无CIN者9例(69.2%),CIN1者4例(30.8%)。4组不同组织学级别病人雙染阳性率比较差异具有显著性(χ2=44.174,P<0.001),产后组织学和p16/Ki-67双染结果间的列联系数为0.669,二者之间存在显著正相关关系(r=0.530,P<0.001)。p16/Ki-67双染诊断CIN2+CIN3的灵敏度和特异度分别为69.2%(27/32)和90.0%(27/30)。见表1。
2.2 CIN1和无CIN孕妇产前p16/Ki-67双染与细胞学诊断的关系
本组产后组织学诊断为CIN1和无CIN孕妇共21例,其中细胞学诊断为ASC-H或HSIL者共10例,过诊断的比例高达48%。过诊断10例孕妇其p16/Ki-67双染结果除2例因技术问题不能明确外,其余8例双染结果均为阴性。见表2。
3 讨 论
宫颈细胞学检查是一种敏感性和特异性有限的筛查方法[10],容易造成误诊以及漏诊[11-12]。FA-KHRELDIN等[13]研究显示,细胞学诊断ASC-US者,活检结果包括宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌。细胞学诊断ASC-H是一个不确定的高风险结果,需要病人做阴道镜及活检以进一步排查。虽然人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测增加了敏感性,但其特异性受到限制[14],难以将单纯病毒感染和趋向癌变准确区分开。宫颈癌的发展是一个由HPV感染到癌变的进展性过程[15],而年轻人群HPV一过性感染高发,多会自行消退而不进展为宫颈癌[16]。因此,需要一种高特异性的方法来辅助诊断,提高细胞学诊断的准确性。
在正常生理条件下,增殖标记物Ki-67和抗增殖标记物p16彼此相互排斥[17]。同一细胞内同时过表达Ki-67和p16与细胞周期调控失常有关,提示HPV的转化性感染[18],此时导致病变的细胞不断分裂且具有致癌潜能。故通过检测这两种标志物的共表达,可以获得高效的、与形态学无关的标记物,检出存在HSIL高风险的妇女[19-20]。多项国内外研究显示,p16/Ki-67双染对HSIL及宫颈癌的诊断具有较高的特异性[21-26]。
在大多数国家,妊娠早期的细胞学检查是常规产前筛查的一部分,而异常的宫颈细胞学检查结果可导致病人焦虑[27]。HPV感染在妊娠和产后可能消退、持续或进展,大多数细胞学涂片异常与LSIL有关且多数可以自行消退[28-30]。妊娠期间细胞学检查疑似HSIL的妇女推荐重复阴道镜检查。然而,由于生理妊娠的改变,细胞学检查的准确性可能会受到影响[30]。退变的蜕膜细胞或成簇的细胞滋养细胞可与HSIL宫颈细胞相似,基层医院可能将其判读为ASC-H或HSIL。孕期细胞形态学的多种改变给准确判读带来挑战,而诊断准确性降低导致对疾病严重程度的高估或低估。 宫颈上皮内瘤变是宫颈癌前病变的总称[31]。本研究对产前细胞学异常标本的回顾性分析显示,双染阳性与产后宫颈活检宫颈上皮内瘤变之间有显著的相关性,所有经组织学证实的产后CIN2或者CIN3病例除少数双染不能明确外,其余双染均为阳性。在CIN2以下病变中,有近一半细胞学诊断为ASC-H或HSIL,过诊断比例很高,其双染结果除2例不能明确外,其余8例双染结果均为阴性。提示通过双染排除非HSIL的病例,可提高细胞学检查的特异性,这对提高宫颈癌筛查的准确性具有一定的意义[32]。在细胞学检查难以判读的情况下,双染可以辅助诊断,改变孕期液基细胞学检查结果准确性不高的现状。因此,p16/Ki-67双染可帮助识别真正存在HSIL的孕妇,让实际没有病变的孕妇避免做活检,可能是进一步临床干预和产后组织学预测的一个很好的指标。样本量小、染色技术的问题使本研究结果受到限制,今后将进一步完善实验设计,如进行前瞻性研究及技术改进等,更好地研究p16/Ki-67双染细胞学的应用价值。
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(本文编辑 马伟平)