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◆介词by的基本用法：
1.表示方法、方式，意为“以……为手段”、“靠……”、“乘……”等。如：
He succeeded by working hard.
他由于工作努力而获得了成功。
I often go to school by bike.
我经常骑自行车上学。
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上笑着。
2.表示静态的位置，意为“靠近……”、“在……旁边”。如：
His house stands by the river.
他的家在河边。
Come and sit by me.
过来坐在我的旁边。
3.表示动态的位置，意为“从……旁边经过”、“路过……”。如：
He passed by me without greeting me.
他从我身边走过，但没和我打招呼。
We went by the post office when we went to his house. 我们去他家时路过邮局。
4.表示时间、时限，意为“不迟于；在……之前”、“到……时为止”。如：
They will be back by six.
他们将于6点钟以前回来。
We had learned all the important grammars by the end of last term. 到上学期末我们已经学完了所有的重点语法项目。
A UN report said that the world population would have passed six billion by the end of the twentieth century. 一份联合国的报告曾说，到20世纪末世界人口将会超过六十亿了。
5.和take, hold等动词连用，表示接触身体/物体的某一部位。如：
We hold the elephant by his teeth. 我们握住了那只大象的牙齿。
Don’t take the baby by her arm. She is too young. 别拽那个小孩的胳膊，她太小了。
6.表示“逐个”、“逐批”之意，常见于以下短语中：
one by one 一个一个地;
little by little一点一点地;
step by step 一步一步地;
day by day 日复一日地
7.用于被动语态中，后接动作的执行者，表示“被……”、“由……”。如：
The machine was invented by Edison.
这机器是爱迪生发明的。
English is spoken by many people. 许多人讲英语。
8.表示判断的标准，意思是“依照，根据”。如：
By my watch it is eight o’clock. (按)我的表是八点。
9.由by还可以构成以下短语：
(1) (all) by oneself 意为“独自地”、“单独地”。如：
I can’t leave the baby by herself. 我不能将这个婴儿单独留下。
Can you lift this box by yourself?
你一个人能扛起这只箱子吗？
(2) by the way “顺便说一声”、“顺便问一下”，常用作插入语。如：
By the way, have you heard from Mary? 顺便问一下，你最近收到玛丽的信了吗？
(3) by chance/by accident意为“偶然地”。如：
She found out the truth by chance/by accident. 她偶然发现了事情的真相。
(4) learn by heart 意为“背会、记住”。如：
“Learn the new words by heart,” said the teacher. 老师说：“把这些生词背下来。”
(5) by mistake意为“误会、弄错”。如：
I took his umbrella by mistake.
我错拿了他的伞。
(6) by far用于修饰比较级、最高级，以加强语气。如：
He is by far the tallest in our class. 在我们班他个子最高。
◆V-ing形式的基本用法：
1．作主语。如：
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对眼睛有害。
Running is good exercise.
跑步是有益的运动。
2．作动词宾语。如：
He often practices playing basketball. 他经常练习打篮球。
When will you finish reading this book? 你何时读完这本书？
◆英语中有些动词的后面只能跟V-ing形式作宾语。这样的动词有：consider(考虑)， enjoy, finish, keep, practice, mind, suggest等。
3．作介词宾语。如：
The teacher left without saying anything to us. 老师什么都没说就离开了。
4．作表语。如：
My ambition is being a doctor. 我的志向是成为医生。
Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣服。
5．作定语。如：
He may be in the reading- room. 他可能在阅览室。
6．作补语。如：
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.
我管这叫“拆东墙补西墙”。跟踪练习：
A)选择最佳答案。
1． He learns French ____
keeping a French notebook.
A. in B. with C. by D. to
2. ——____ do you go to
work every day?
——By bus.
A. What B. How C. When D. Which
B)完成句子。
3．学习一种语言的最好方法是每天说它。
____ ____ ____ every day
is the best way of learning it.
4． 不吃饭人就不能活。
People can’t live ____ ____.
5． 你父母介意你在外面停留那么久吗？
Do your parents mind your ____
____ ____ ____?
6． 我通过看英语杂志学习生词。
I learn new words ____ ____
English magazines.
Keys:A)1.C 2.B B)3.Speakinga language 4.without eating 5.staying out so long6.by reading
1.表示方法、方式，意为“以……为手段”、“靠……”、“乘……”等。如：
He succeeded by working hard.
他由于工作努力而获得了成功。
I often go to school by bike.
我经常骑自行车上学。
The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上笑着。
2.表示静态的位置，意为“靠近……”、“在……旁边”。如：
His house stands by the river.
他的家在河边。
Come and sit by me.
过来坐在我的旁边。
3.表示动态的位置，意为“从……旁边经过”、“路过……”。如：
He passed by me without greeting me.
他从我身边走过，但没和我打招呼。
We went by the post office when we went to his house. 我们去他家时路过邮局。
4.表示时间、时限，意为“不迟于；在……之前”、“到……时为止”。如：
They will be back by six.
他们将于6点钟以前回来。
We had learned all the important grammars by the end of last term. 到上学期末我们已经学完了所有的重点语法项目。
A UN report said that the world population would have passed six billion by the end of the twentieth century. 一份联合国的报告曾说，到20世纪末世界人口将会超过六十亿了。
5.和take, hold等动词连用，表示接触身体/物体的某一部位。如：
We hold the elephant by his teeth. 我们握住了那只大象的牙齿。
Don’t take the baby by her arm. She is too young. 别拽那个小孩的胳膊，她太小了。
6.表示“逐个”、“逐批”之意，常见于以下短语中：
one by one 一个一个地;
little by little一点一点地;
step by step 一步一步地;
day by day 日复一日地
7.用于被动语态中，后接动作的执行者，表示“被……”、“由……”。如：
The machine was invented by Edison.
这机器是爱迪生发明的。
English is spoken by many people. 许多人讲英语。
8.表示判断的标准，意思是“依照，根据”。如：
By my watch it is eight o’clock. (按)我的表是八点。
9.由by还可以构成以下短语：
(1) (all) by oneself 意为“独自地”、“单独地”。如：
I can’t leave the baby by herself. 我不能将这个婴儿单独留下。
Can you lift this box by yourself?
你一个人能扛起这只箱子吗？
(2) by the way “顺便说一声”、“顺便问一下”，常用作插入语。如：
By the way, have you heard from Mary? 顺便问一下，你最近收到玛丽的信了吗？
(3) by chance/by accident意为“偶然地”。如：
She found out the truth by chance/by accident. 她偶然发现了事情的真相。
(4) learn by heart 意为“背会、记住”。如：
“Learn the new words by heart,” said the teacher. 老师说：“把这些生词背下来。”
(5) by mistake意为“误会、弄错”。如：
I took his umbrella by mistake.
我错拿了他的伞。
(6) by far用于修饰比较级、最高级，以加强语气。如：
He is by far the tallest in our class. 在我们班他个子最高。
◆V-ing形式的基本用法：
1．作主语。如：
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太阳下看书对眼睛有害。
Running is good exercise.
跑步是有益的运动。
2．作动词宾语。如：
He often practices playing basketball. 他经常练习打篮球。
When will you finish reading this book? 你何时读完这本书？
◆英语中有些动词的后面只能跟V-ing形式作宾语。这样的动词有：consider(考虑)， enjoy, finish, keep, practice, mind, suggest等。
3．作介词宾语。如：
The teacher left without saying anything to us. 老师什么都没说就离开了。
4．作表语。如：
My ambition is being a doctor. 我的志向是成为医生。
Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣服。
5．作定语。如：
He may be in the reading- room. 他可能在阅览室。
6．作补语。如：
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.
我管这叫“拆东墙补西墙”。跟踪练习：
A)选择最佳答案。
1． He learns French ____
keeping a French notebook.
A. in B. with C. by D. to
2. ——____ do you go to
work every day?
——By bus.
A. What B. How C. When D. Which
B)完成句子。
3．学习一种语言的最好方法是每天说它。
____ ____ ____ every day
is the best way of learning it.
4． 不吃饭人就不能活。
People can’t live ____ ____.
5． 你父母介意你在外面停留那么久吗？
Do your parents mind your ____
____ ____ ____?
6． 我通过看英语杂志学习生词。
I learn new words ____ ____
English magazines.
Keys:A)1.C 2.B B)3.Speakinga language 4.without eating 5.staying out so long6.by reading