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无机纳米粒子的生物合成是指利用自然界中细菌、放线菌和真菌等微生物或一些高等植物在常温、常压下合成无机纳米粒子,不需使用有毒化学原料或不产生有毒副产品。该方法不仅是一种绿色的、环境友好的新型纳米材料合成策略,而且对深入了解生物矿化机理以及从理论上指导先进功能材料的设计和合成具有重要意义,因此近年来受到了化学、材料、生物科学等领域研究者的广泛关注。本文根据纳米粒子组成,分别综述了国内外利用生物体合成金属、硫化物和氧化物等无机纳米粒子的研究进展,重点讨论了生物合成的机理。结果表明:生物合成的无机纳米粒子具有尺寸分布窄、稳定性高、生物相容性好、产率高和成本低等优点;为了适应高金属离子浓度的外界环境,生物体往往通过吸附、还原或沉淀、累积或排出等一系列生化过程改变金属离子的溶解性和毒性,从而导致无机纳米粒子的形成;合成无机纳米粒子后,微生物通常仍具有繁殖能力,表明这些微生物可以被用于生产无机纳米粒子的生物工厂。然而,生物合成无机纳米粒子涉及到的生理过程非常复杂,微生物种类繁多,不同种类之间的差异也非常大。因此,在阐释生物合成机理、拓展纳米材料的种类和形貌、纳米粒子的后处理和应用等问题上仍需进一步深入研究。
Inorganic nanoparticles biosynthesis refers to the use of bacteria in nature, actinomycetes and fungi and other microorganisms or some higher plants at room temperature, atmospheric synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, without the use of toxic chemical raw materials or does not produce toxic by-products. This method is not only a green and environment-friendly new nanomaterial synthesis strategy, but also has important significance for understanding the biomineralization mechanism and theoretically guiding the design and synthesis of advanced functional materials. Therefore, this method has been widely used in many fields such as chemistry, , Biological sciences and other fields of researchers wide attention. In this paper, based on the composition of nanoparticles, the progress in the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, such as metals, sulfides and oxides, from living organisms at home and abroad are reviewed. The mechanism of biosynthesis is mainly discussed. The results show that biosynthetic inorganic nanoparticles have the advantages of narrow size distribution, high stability, good biocompatibility, high yield and low cost. In order to adapt to the external environment with high concentration of metal ions, the organism is often adsorbed and reduced Or precipitation, accumulation or discharge and a series of biochemical processes change the solubility and toxicity of metal ions, resulting in the formation of inorganic nanoparticles; After the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, microorganisms usually still have reproductive capacity, indicating that these microorganisms can be used to produce inorganic Bio-factory for nano-particles. However, biosynthesis of inorganic nanoparticles involved in the physiological process is very complicated, a wide range of microorganisms, the differences between different species is also very large. Therefore, it is still necessary to further study the mechanism of biosynthesis, the types and morphology of nanomaterials, the post-treatment and application of nanoparticles.