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Objective To investigate the changes of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in patients with AMI before and after thrombolytic therapy. Methods Eighty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and sixteen patients with AMI were studied in this study.AMI was produced by left coronary arterial ligation in 80 animals, and eight rats undergoing thoracotomy but not coronary ligation served as sham controls. The blood samples of rats were drawn from the right atrium before (0 hour, sham animals) and 1, 3, 6, 12 or 24hours and 2, 3, 5, 7or 14 days after AMI (n = 8, respectively) . The blood samples of patients with AMI were collected from an antecubital vein before and 3hours after thrombolytic therapy. Serum VEGF concentrations were measured by a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Results The mean serum VEGF concentration in 8 sham animals was 66.99 ± 17.83pg/ml. Six hours after AMI, the level of serum VEGF significantly increased to 125.68 ± 28.07 pg/ml (P ＜ 0.01 vs Sham controls),and reached a peak (240.61 ±70.63 pg/ml, P ＜ 0.01vs Sham controls) at 24 hours after ligation, and then decreased gradually over the remaining 2 weeks.However, the level remained significantly elevated for 14 days (107.64±30.13 pg/ml, P＜ 0.01 vsSham controls) . The basal serum level of VEGF in patients with AMI was significantly higher than that in 16healthy control subjects (285.92 ± 125.12 vs 80.44 ± 24.57 pg/mL, P ＜ 0.01), and correlated with synchronous serum creatine kinase (CK) and its MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) contents (r =0. 866, P ＜0.001 and r=0.948, P＜ 0.001; respectively)Three hours after thrombolysis, the level of VEGF had fallen to 111.57 ±31.29 pg/mL (P ＜0. 01 vs Before thrombolytic therapy; P ＜ 0.05 vs control subjects) .Conclusion The present study shows that the concentrations of serum VEGF are markedly and permanently increased in the rat model of AMI and in patients with AMI. Serum VEGF concentrations may serve as a sensitive target in diagnosing AMI and judging reperfusion.