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一方面,随着20世纪80年代东欧社会主义的解体,作为一项政治规划的社会主义失去了人们的信任,人们对作为一种理论的马克思主义也逐渐丧失了兴趣。另一方面,尽管有些学者认为马克思主义与国家机构相分离对理论本身来说是好事,因为它解除了理论对国家或者共产党的意识形态依附。但是问题依然存在,马克思主义不仅是一项理论规划,也是一项政治规划,两者之间的关系问题并没有得到解决。在过去的半个世纪里,由于从妇女到种族到本土主义者的各种运动中出现了新的社会力量,以及与后殖民主义和后现代等范畴相关的意识形态的发展。这个问题变得更加复杂。除了这些发展所发起的挑战之外,还要加上最近几十年里出现的全球化的挑战。这些新的挑战要求我们重新思考马克思主义的基本概念,包括阶级概念的空间维度和文化维度。在本文中我所要思考的重点是,这些发展对马克思主义意味着什么?今天的世界形势与马克思主义得以产生的十九世纪中叶以及它在上个世纪所经历的社会环境是很不一样的,马克思主义又怎样使我们有能力对它加以应付?
On the one hand, with the disintegration of socialism in Eastern Europe in the 1980s, socialism as a political plan has lost people’s trust and people have gradually lost interest in Marxism as a theory. On the other hand, although some scholars think that the separation of Marxism from state institutions is a good thing for the theory itself as it lifts the ideological attachment of the theory to the state or the Communist Party. However, the problem still exists. Marxism is not only a theoretical plan but also a political plan. The relationship between the two issues has not been solved. Over the past half century, new social forces have emerged in the various movements from women to race to indigenousists, as well as ideological developments related to such areas as post-colonialism and postmodernity. This problem has become more complicated. In addition to the challenges posed by these developments, the challenges of globalization that have emerged in recent decades have to be added. These new challenges require us to re-think the basic concepts of Marxism, including the spatial and cultural dimensions of class concepts. What I will concentrate on in this article is what these developments mean for Marxism. The world situation today is very different from the mid-nineteenth century when Marxism was born and the social environment it experienced in the last century. How can Marxism enable us to deal with it?