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摘要: 于2013年4~5月对淮河流域沙河水系进行底栖硅藻标本采样,共鉴定出异极藻科硅藻2属18种5变种,其中中国新纪录1种:假尖顶异极藻(Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot),对该种的形态特征和生境分布进行了描述.分析了沙河水系异极藻科硅藻的生态分布特点及其对环境的指示作用.
关键词: 异极藻科; 沙河; 新记录种; 中国
中图分类号: Q 949.27文献标志码: A文章编号: 10005137(2016)04047705
沙河水系位于河南省东南部,是淮河流域颍河的最大支流,水系上游三面环山,下游进入冲积平原,生境类型多样[1],藻类资源丰富.本文作者对采自沙河水系的异极藻科硅藻进行了分类学研究,共报道异极藻科硅藻2属18种5变种,其中异极藻属17种5變种,异楔藻属1种.发现中国新记录1种:假尖顶异极藻(Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot).分析了沙河水系异极藻科硅藻的生态分布,利用指示种类对沙河水系的水体营养状况进行了初步评价.
1材料与方法
1.1沙河水系概况及采样点
沙河全长325 km,流域面积12 600 km2,沙河干流(SR)发源于外方山东部余脉石人山,至周口汇入颍河干流,其主要支流为北汝河(BRR)、澧河(LR)、甘江河(GJR),其中最大的为北汝河,全长250 km[1].本研究采样点覆盖沙河干流以及3条主要支流,共22个样点,点位分布见如图1所示.
1.2样品采样及处理
于2013年4~5月对沙河水系进行底栖硅藻采样,采样生境包括溪流、河流、水库.采样基质选取能抵抗水流,地势开阔且无树荫遮蔽的石头,用干净的牙刷刷取石头表面100 cm2内的样品,装入容量瓶中,用4%的甲醛固定,如采样点附近无石头,则选取高等水生植物或在水中停留时间较长的树枝代替.样品经过酸处理,Naphrax胶封片,使用Nikon ECLIPSE E800型光学显微镜观察、鉴定,并使用Nikon DSRi1型显微摄影数码相机拍照.扫描电子显微镜观察使用JEOL JSM6380LV,并拍照.使用Photoshop cc 软件对照片进行处理,并制作图版.鉴定文献见参考文献[2-18].
2中国新记录种的描述
假尖顶异极藻中国新记录图版I
Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot 1979,p.202,figs.11-16;Krammer 1997,T.1,p.761,figs.159:1-4.
壳面披针状棒形,顶部具喙状或钝圆形凸起,中部偏上略膨大,向下端逐渐狭窄,基端尖圆形;长22~38 μm,宽7.5~9 μm.中轴区窄,线形;中央区小,横矩形,一侧具一明显变短的中央线纹,另一侧具一略短的中央线纹且线端具一孤点;线纹略放射状排列,中间略平行,10 μm内有12~15条.
SEM:外壳面点纹多呈短裂缝状,靠近壳缝的点纹常为“C”形.壳缝略波曲,近缝端略膨大近成“水滴”形,远缝端弯转并伸至壳套.顶孔区由密集小孔组成,被壳缝分为大小相等两个区域,与线纹不连续.
生境:河流,附着于石头和高等水生植物.
采集地:沙河(SR5).
国外分布:英国、德国、波兰、罗马尼亚、美国、哥伦比亚、韩国、澳大利亚.
本文报道的G. pseudoaugur与LangeBertalot(1979)的模式种相比,下端略延伸[5];该种与尖顶异极藻(G. augur)的形态较为相似,区别在于G.augur上端凸起明显,近上端处更加膨大,且具明显“肩”形.
3沙河水系异极藻科硅藻的生态特征
3.1沙河水系异极藻科的种类组成及分布特点
本次调查的22个采样点中,共鉴定到异极藻科硅藻2属18种5变种,分布在18个采样点,具体种类及分布如表1所示.
图版Ⅰ假尖顶异极藻(Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot).1~9.光镜照片;10~15.扫描电镜照片,10.示外壳面;11.示外壳面顶端;12.示内壳面;13.示外壳面顶端;14.示内壳面中部;15.示外壳面中部.
异极藻科硅藻适合生长和分布在平原地区和静水水体,在多数水体中生长的种类偏少,种类数多的水体比较少见[2].另外,有研究[20]认为硅藻种类多样性与水体营养状况缺乏相关性,多样性会在较高或较低的营养水平出现下降[21],中-富营养型水体的硅藻种类的多样性和种类丰富度值往往较高[22].这与本研究结果是一致的,处于贫营养及重富营养水平点位,如北汝河中游点位(BRR2、BRR3、BRR4)及沙河下游点位(SR7、SR8)等,异极藻科硅藻种类数相对较少,在1~4之间;处于中-富营养点位,如SR5和SR6,异极藻科硅藻种类数较为丰富,分别达到20种和8种,且这两个点位上游靠近水库,流速低,水体相对稳定,适合异极藻科硅藻生长.
3.2沙河水系异极藻科硅藻的环境指示作用
硅藻可直接并敏感地对河流生态系统中的物理、化学、生物变化作出反应,比如温度、营养盐浓度、捕食关系等,因此硅藻可作为河流环境的重要指示生物[19].异极藻科硅藻属于附着硅藻,它们通过胶质柄附着于砾石、水生高等植物等基质上,生境相对固定[2],这种特性使其具有更稳定的环境指示作用[19].
在沙河水系,微小异极藻(G. minutum)是全水系的广布种,主要集中在上游、中游营养盐水平较低的地区,可指示贫营养环境[23].本研究中在澧河(LR1点位)出现了橄榄绿异楔藻(G. olivacea),该点位处于澧河上游溪流,河面窄,流速快,水温低,总氮、总磷均较低,这与G.olivacea喜爱生活在水温偏凉,具相当硬度的流水环境中,指示贫营养状态的生态特性相符[2].克里夫异极藻(G. clevei)喜碱性,流水环境[2],该种出现在澧河上游(LR2),水体流速快,pH偏碱性.假尖顶异极藻(G. pseudoaugur)指示中营养[24],该种在沙河中游(SR5)为优势种,此处的营养水平符合其指示作用.小型异极藻(G. parvulum)喜富营养化环境[2,23-24],本研究中G.parvulum在沙河下游(SR7)的优势度达到17%,而SR7正是沙河水系营养水平最高的点位. 綜上所述,异极藻科硅藻环境指示种类的生态习性与其分布的生境基本符合,很好地指示了沙河水系的水环境状况.沙河水系上游、中游大部分河段处于贫营养状态,支流上游部分点位受局部小环境影响营养水平相对较高,沙河干流下游水体富营养现象较严重.
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Preliminary studies on Gomphonemataceae (Bacillariophyta)
from Shahe river,Huaihe river basin
LIU Hao, XIANG Yun, YOU Qingmin, WANG Quanxi
(College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234,China)
Abstract:
Benthic diatom samples were collected from Shahe River,Huaihe River basin in April and May,2013.Twentythree taxa of Gomphonemataceae were identified,including eighteen species and five varieties,which belong to two genera.One species was the newly recorded species from China: Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot,the morphological features and habitat distribution pattern of this species was reported.Ecological distributive characters and environmental indication of some Gomphonemataceae species in Shahe River were discussed.
Key words:
Gomphonemataceae; Shahe river; newly recorded species; China
(責任编辑:顾浩然)
关键词: 异极藻科; 沙河; 新记录种; 中国
中图分类号: Q 949.27文献标志码: A文章编号: 10005137(2016)04047705
沙河水系位于河南省东南部,是淮河流域颍河的最大支流,水系上游三面环山,下游进入冲积平原,生境类型多样[1],藻类资源丰富.本文作者对采自沙河水系的异极藻科硅藻进行了分类学研究,共报道异极藻科硅藻2属18种5变种,其中异极藻属17种5變种,异楔藻属1种.发现中国新记录1种:假尖顶异极藻(Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot).分析了沙河水系异极藻科硅藻的生态分布,利用指示种类对沙河水系的水体营养状况进行了初步评价.
1材料与方法
1.1沙河水系概况及采样点
沙河全长325 km,流域面积12 600 km2,沙河干流(SR)发源于外方山东部余脉石人山,至周口汇入颍河干流,其主要支流为北汝河(BRR)、澧河(LR)、甘江河(GJR),其中最大的为北汝河,全长250 km[1].本研究采样点覆盖沙河干流以及3条主要支流,共22个样点,点位分布见如图1所示.
1.2样品采样及处理
于2013年4~5月对沙河水系进行底栖硅藻采样,采样生境包括溪流、河流、水库.采样基质选取能抵抗水流,地势开阔且无树荫遮蔽的石头,用干净的牙刷刷取石头表面100 cm2内的样品,装入容量瓶中,用4%的甲醛固定,如采样点附近无石头,则选取高等水生植物或在水中停留时间较长的树枝代替.样品经过酸处理,Naphrax胶封片,使用Nikon ECLIPSE E800型光学显微镜观察、鉴定,并使用Nikon DSRi1型显微摄影数码相机拍照.扫描电子显微镜观察使用JEOL JSM6380LV,并拍照.使用Photoshop cc 软件对照片进行处理,并制作图版.鉴定文献见参考文献[2-18].
2中国新记录种的描述
假尖顶异极藻中国新记录图版I
Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot 1979,p.202,figs.11-16;Krammer 1997,T.1,p.761,figs.159:1-4.
壳面披针状棒形,顶部具喙状或钝圆形凸起,中部偏上略膨大,向下端逐渐狭窄,基端尖圆形;长22~38 μm,宽7.5~9 μm.中轴区窄,线形;中央区小,横矩形,一侧具一明显变短的中央线纹,另一侧具一略短的中央线纹且线端具一孤点;线纹略放射状排列,中间略平行,10 μm内有12~15条.
SEM:外壳面点纹多呈短裂缝状,靠近壳缝的点纹常为“C”形.壳缝略波曲,近缝端略膨大近成“水滴”形,远缝端弯转并伸至壳套.顶孔区由密集小孔组成,被壳缝分为大小相等两个区域,与线纹不连续.
生境:河流,附着于石头和高等水生植物.
采集地:沙河(SR5).
国外分布:英国、德国、波兰、罗马尼亚、美国、哥伦比亚、韩国、澳大利亚.
本文报道的G. pseudoaugur与LangeBertalot(1979)的模式种相比,下端略延伸[5];该种与尖顶异极藻(G. augur)的形态较为相似,区别在于G.augur上端凸起明显,近上端处更加膨大,且具明显“肩”形.
3沙河水系异极藻科硅藻的生态特征
3.1沙河水系异极藻科的种类组成及分布特点
本次调查的22个采样点中,共鉴定到异极藻科硅藻2属18种5变种,分布在18个采样点,具体种类及分布如表1所示.
图版Ⅰ假尖顶异极藻(Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot).1~9.光镜照片;10~15.扫描电镜照片,10.示外壳面;11.示外壳面顶端;12.示内壳面;13.示外壳面顶端;14.示内壳面中部;15.示外壳面中部.
异极藻科硅藻适合生长和分布在平原地区和静水水体,在多数水体中生长的种类偏少,种类数多的水体比较少见[2].另外,有研究[20]认为硅藻种类多样性与水体营养状况缺乏相关性,多样性会在较高或较低的营养水平出现下降[21],中-富营养型水体的硅藻种类的多样性和种类丰富度值往往较高[22].这与本研究结果是一致的,处于贫营养及重富营养水平点位,如北汝河中游点位(BRR2、BRR3、BRR4)及沙河下游点位(SR7、SR8)等,异极藻科硅藻种类数相对较少,在1~4之间;处于中-富营养点位,如SR5和SR6,异极藻科硅藻种类数较为丰富,分别达到20种和8种,且这两个点位上游靠近水库,流速低,水体相对稳定,适合异极藻科硅藻生长.
3.2沙河水系异极藻科硅藻的环境指示作用
硅藻可直接并敏感地对河流生态系统中的物理、化学、生物变化作出反应,比如温度、营养盐浓度、捕食关系等,因此硅藻可作为河流环境的重要指示生物[19].异极藻科硅藻属于附着硅藻,它们通过胶质柄附着于砾石、水生高等植物等基质上,生境相对固定[2],这种特性使其具有更稳定的环境指示作用[19].
在沙河水系,微小异极藻(G. minutum)是全水系的广布种,主要集中在上游、中游营养盐水平较低的地区,可指示贫营养环境[23].本研究中在澧河(LR1点位)出现了橄榄绿异楔藻(G. olivacea),该点位处于澧河上游溪流,河面窄,流速快,水温低,总氮、总磷均较低,这与G.olivacea喜爱生活在水温偏凉,具相当硬度的流水环境中,指示贫营养状态的生态特性相符[2].克里夫异极藻(G. clevei)喜碱性,流水环境[2],该种出现在澧河上游(LR2),水体流速快,pH偏碱性.假尖顶异极藻(G. pseudoaugur)指示中营养[24],该种在沙河中游(SR5)为优势种,此处的营养水平符合其指示作用.小型异极藻(G. parvulum)喜富营养化环境[2,23-24],本研究中G.parvulum在沙河下游(SR7)的优势度达到17%,而SR7正是沙河水系营养水平最高的点位. 綜上所述,异极藻科硅藻环境指示种类的生态习性与其分布的生境基本符合,很好地指示了沙河水系的水环境状况.沙河水系上游、中游大部分河段处于贫营养状态,支流上游部分点位受局部小环境影响营养水平相对较高,沙河干流下游水体富营养现象较严重.
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Preliminary studies on Gomphonemataceae (Bacillariophyta)
from Shahe river,Huaihe river basin
LIU Hao, XIANG Yun, YOU Qingmin, WANG Quanxi
(College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Shanghai Normal University,Shanghai 200234,China)
Abstract:
Benthic diatom samples were collected from Shahe River,Huaihe River basin in April and May,2013.Twentythree taxa of Gomphonemataceae were identified,including eighteen species and five varieties,which belong to two genera.One species was the newly recorded species from China: Gomphonema pseudoaugur LangeBertalot,the morphological features and habitat distribution pattern of this species was reported.Ecological distributive characters and environmental indication of some Gomphonemataceae species in Shahe River were discussed.
Key words:
Gomphonemataceae; Shahe river; newly recorded species; China
(責任编辑:顾浩然)