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中国建筑史界对元大都的研究深厚,但多是从农耕文明的角度探讨。本文从游牧文明的角度出发,在分析了蒙古高原契丹城郭群、哈剌和林和元上都的考古新发现的基础上,在草原城市的历史文脉中重新探讨元大都的规划特征。首先,笔者对契丹时代城郭群、哈刺和林、上都的空间构造特征进行了比较,指出大都皇城偏南与游牧传统的关联。其次,笔者否定了“胡同”源于蒙古语“xyдar(水井)”的通说,指出它源于蒙古语“Γyдaмж(街道)”一词,并指出游牧社会十进位居民组织制度与大都胡同制十户、百户用地规划的关联。最后指出商业街、钟楼、鼓楼、中心台以及其他官署布置在城市中心是与“胡同制”配套、体现新的城市管理体系的空间布局。
The history of the Chinese architectural history of deep research on the Yuan capital, but mostly from the perspective of farming civilization. Based on the nomadic civilization, based on the analysis of the new archaeological discoveries in Guoqun, Hala and Lin and Yuan of the Khitan city on the Mongolian Plateau, this paper revisits the planning features of the Yuan capital in the historical context of the grassland cities. First of all, the author compares the spatial tectonic features of Qutan, Harsheath and Lin, both in the era of the Qidan era, and points out the connection between the most imperial city and nomadic tradition. Secondly, the author denied that “Hutong” originated from Mongolian “xyдar (水井)” and pointed out that it originated from the Mongolian word “Γyдaмж (street)” and pointed out that the nomadic community ten residents Organizational system and most alley system ten, one hundred land use planning. Finally, it is pointed out that the commercial streets, the clock tower, the Drum Tower, the central station and other government offices are arranged in the city center and are in line with the “alley system” to reflect the spatial layout of the new urban management system.