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当十九世纪中叶的社会危机把中国推向内战时,地方军事化的步伐加快了。由于经济危机与残酷剥削,迫使贫苦百姓趋于既定的正常秩序之外。由于灾荒,又使各种族成员与不同语言集团成员之间的冲突趋于尖锐。异端与正统双方的领袖人物,都变得日益关注武装力量。在异端方面,这不仅意味着武装并组织地方的秘密社团,以及流寇团伙的激增,而且还意味着组织严密的和组织松散的团伙,合并到救世主的宗教运动中去。在正统方面,则不仅意味着植根于社会的团练组织的激增,而且也意味着更高水平的军事形式的出现。
As the social crisis in the mid-nineteenth century pushed China toward the civil war, the pace of local militarization accelerated. Due to the economic crisis and cruel exploitation, the poor are forced to go beyond the established normal order. Due to famine, conflicts between members of different racial groups and members of different linguistic groups tend to be sharp. Heresy and orthodox leaders have become increasingly concerned with the armed forces. At the heresy, this means not only armed and organized secret societies and the proliferation of bandit gangs, but also the well-organized and loosely organized gangs that merge with the savior’s religious movements. On the orthodox side, it means not only the proliferation of community-based organizations, but also the emergence of higher levels of military forms.